the quaker colonies-第4章

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bells　sent　out　from　England。　Captain　Budden；　who　brought　them　in　his　ship　Myrtilla；　would　charge　no　freight　for　so　charitable　a　deed；　and　in　consequence　of　his　generosity　every　time　he　and　his　ship　appeared　in　the　harbor　the　bells　were　rung　in　his　honor。　They　were　rung　on　market　days　to　please　the　farmers　who　came　into　town　with　their　wagons　loaded　with　poultry　and　vegetables。　They　were　rung　muffled　in　times　of　public　disaster　and　were　kept　busy　in　that　way　in　the　French　and　Indian　wars。　They　were　also　rung　muffled　for　Franklin　when　it　was　learned　that　while　in　London　he　had　favored　the　Stamp　Acta　means　of　expressing　popular　opinion　which　the　newspapers　subsequently　put　out　of　date。

The　severe　Quaker　code　of　conduct　and　peaceful　contemplation　contains　no　prohibition　against　good　eating　and　drinking。　Quakers　have　been　known　to　have　the　gout。　The　opportunities　in　Philadelphia　to　enjoy　the　pleasures　of　the　table　were　soon　unlimited。　Farm；　garden；　and　dairy　products；　vegetables；　poultry；　beef；　and　mutton　were　soon　produced　in　immense　quantity　and　variety　and　of　excellent　quality。　John　Adams；　coming　from　the　〃plain　living　and　high　thinking〃　of　Boston　to　attend　the　first　meeting　of　the　Continental　Congress　in　Philadelphia；　was　invited　to　dine　with　Stephen　Collins；　a　typical　Quaker；　and　was　amazed　at　the　feast　set　before　him。　From　that　time　his　diary　records　one　after　another　of　these　〃sinful　feasts；〃　as　he　calls　them。　But　the　sin　at　which　he　thus　looks　askance　never　seems　to　have　withheld　him　from　a　generous　indulgence。　〃Drank　Madeira　at　a　great　rate；〃　he　says　on　one　occasion；　〃and　took　no　harm　from　it。〃　Madeira　obtained　in　the　trade　with　Spain　was　the　popular　drink　even　at　the　taverns。　Various　forms　of　punch　and　rum　were　common；　but　the　modern　light　wines　and　champagne　were　not　then　in　vogue。

Food　in　great　quantity　and　variety　seems　to　have　been　placed　on　the　table　at　the　same　time；　with　little　regard　to　formal　courses。　Beef；　poultry；　and　mutton　would　all　be　served　at　one　dinner。　Fruit　and　nuts　were　placed　on　the　table　in　profusion；　as　well　as　puddings　and　desserts　numerous　and　deadly。　Dinners　were　served　usually　in　the　afternoon。　The　splendid　banquet　which　Adams　describes　as　given　to　some　members　of　the　Continental　Congress　by　Chief　Justice　Chew　at　his　country　seat　was　held　at　four　in　the　afternoon。　The　dinner　hour　was　still　in　the　afternoon　long　after　the　Revolution　and　down　to　the　times　of　the　Civil　War。　Other　relics　of　this　old　love　of　good　living　lasted　into　modern　times。　It　was　not　so　very　long　ago　that　an　occasional　householder　of　wealth　and　distinction　in　Philadelphia　could　still　be　found　who　insisted　on　doing　his　own　marketing　in　the　old　way；　going　himself　the　first　thing　in　the　morning　on　certain　days　to　the　excellent　markets　and　purchasing　all　the　family　supplies。　Philadelphia　poultry　is　still　famous　the　country　over；　and　to　be　a　good　judge　of　poultry　was　in　the　old　days　as　much　a　point　of　merit　as　to　be　a　good　judge　of　Madeira。　A　typical　Philadelphian；　envious　New　Yorkers　say；　will　still　keep　a　line　of　depositors　waiting　at　a　bank　while　he　discourses　to　the　receiving　teller　on　what　a　splendid　purchase　of　poultry　he　had　made　that　morning。　Early　in　the　last　century　a　wealthy　leader　of　the　bar　is　said　to　have　continued　the　old　practice　of　going　to　market　followed　by　a　negro　with　a　wheelbarrow　to　bring　back　the　supplies。　Not　content　with　feasting　in　their　own　homes；　the　colonial　Philadelphians　were　continually　banqueting　at　the　numerous　taverns；　from　the　Coach　and　Horses；　opposite　the　State　House；　down　to　the　Penny　Pot　Inn　close　by　the　river。　At　the　Coach　and　Horses；　where　the　city　elections　were　usually　held；　the　discarded　oyster　shells　around　it　had　been　trampled　into　a　hard　white　and　smooth　floor　over　which　surged　the　excited　election　crowds。　In　those　taverns　the　old　fashion　prevailed　of　roasting　great　joints　of　meat　on　a　turnspit　before　an　open　fire；　and　to　keep　the　spit　turning　before　the　heat　little　dogs　were　trained　to　work　in　a　sort　of　treadmill　cage。

In　nothing　is　this　colonial　prosperity　better　revealed　than　in　the　quality　of　the　country　seats。　They　were　usually　built　of　stone　and　sometimes　of　brick　and　stone；　substantial；　beautifully　proportioned；　admirable　in　taste；　with　a　certain　simplicity；　yet　indicating　a　people　of　wealth；　leisure；　and　refinement；　who　believed　in　themselves　and　took　pleasure　in　adorning　their　lives。　Not　a　few　of　these　homes　on　the　outskirts　of　the　city　have　come　down　to　us　unharmed；　and　Cliveden；　Stenton；　and　Belmont　are　precious　relics　of　such　solid　structure　that　with　ordinary　care　they　will　still　last　for　centuries。　Many　were　destroyed　during　the　Revolution；　others；　such　as　Landsdowne；　the　seat　of　one　of　the　Penn　family；　built　in　the　Italian　style；　have　disappeared；　others　were　wiped　out　by　the　city's　growth。　All　of　them；　even　the　small　ones；　were　most　interesting　and　typical　of　the　life　of　the　times。　The　colonists　began　to　build　them　very　early。　A　family　would　have　a　solid；　brick　town　house　and；　only　a　mile　or　so　away；　a　country　house　which　was　equally　substantial。　Sometimes　they　built　at　a　greater　distance。　Governor　Keith；　for　example；　had　a　country　seat；　still　standing　though　built　in　the　middle　of　the　eighteenth　century；　some　twenty…five　miles　north　of　the　city　in　what　was　then　almost　a　wilderness。

Penn's　ideal　had　always　been　to　have　Philadelphia　what　he　called　〃a　green　country　town。〃　Probably　he　had　in　mind　the　beautiful　English　towns　of　abundant　foliage　and　open　spaces。　And　Penn　was　successful；　for　many　of　the　Philadelphia　houses　stood　by　themselves；　with　gardens　round　them。　The　present　Walnut　was　first　called　Pool　Street；　Chestnut　was　called　Winn　Street；　and　Market　was　called　High　Street。　If　he　could　have　foreseen　the　enormous　modern　growth　of　the　city；　he　might　not　have　made　his　streets　so　narrow　and　level。　But　the　fault　lies　perhaps　rather　with　the　people　for　adhering　so　rigidly　and　for　so　long　to　Penn's　scheme；　when　traffic　that　he　could　not　have　imagined　demanded　wider　streets。　If　he　could　have　lived　into　our　times　he　would　surely　have　sent　us　very　positive　directions　in　his　bluff　British　way　to　break　up　the　original　rectangular；　narrow　plan　which　was　becoming　dismally　monotonous　when　applied　to　a　widely　spread…out　modern　city。　He　was　a　theologian；　but　he　had　a　very　keen　eye　for　appearances　and　beauty　of　surroundings。



Chapter　IV。　Types　Of　The　Population

The　arrival　of　colonists　in　Pennsylvania　in　greater　numbers　than　in　Delaware　and　the　Jerseys　was　the　more　notable　because；　within　a　few　years　after　Pennsylvania　was　founded；　persecution　of　the　Quakers　ceased　in　England　and　one　prolific　cause　of　their　migration　was　no　more。　Thirteen　hundred　Quakers　were　released　from　prison　in　1686　by　James　II；　and　in　1689；　when　William　of　Orange　took　the　throne；　toleration　was　extended　to　the　Quakers　and　other　Protestant　dissenters。

The　success　of　the　first　Quakers　who　came　to　America　brought　others　even　after　persecution　ceased　in　England。　The　most　numerous　class　of　immigrants　for　the　first　fifteen　or　twenty　years　were　Welsh；　most　of　whom　were　Quakers　with　a　few　Baptists　and　Church　of　England　people。　They　may　have　come　not　so　much　from　a　desire　to　flee　from　persecution　as　to　build　up　a　little　Welsh　community　and　to　revive　Welsh　nationalism。　In　their　new　surroundings　they　spoke　their　own　Welsh　language　and　very　few　of　them　had　learned　English。　They　had　been　encouraged　in　their　national　aspirations　by　an　agreement　with　Penn　that　they　were　to　have　a　tract　of　40；000　acres　where　they　could　live　by　themselves。　The　land　assigned　to　them　lay　west　of　Philadelphia　in　that　high　ridge　along　the　present　main　line　of　the　Pennsylvania　Railroad；　now　so　noted　for　its　wealthy　suburban　homes。　All　the　important　names　of　townships　and　places　in　that　region；　such　as　Wynnewood；　St。　Davids；　Berwyn；　Bryn　Mawr；　Merion；　Haverford；　Radnor；　are　Welsh　in　origin。　Some　of　the　Welsh　spread　round　to　the　north　of　Philadelphia；　where　names　like　Gwynedd　and　Penllyn　remain　as　their　memorials。　The　Chester　Valley　bordering　the　high　ridge　of　their　first　settlement　they　called　Duffrin　Mawr　or　Great　Valley。

These　Welsh；　like　so　many　of　the　Quakers；　were　of　a　well…to…do　class。　They　rapidly　developed　their　fertile　land　and；　for　pioneers；　lived　quite　luxuriously。　They　had　none　of　the　usual　county　and　township　officers　but　ruled　their　Welsh　Barony；　as　it　was　called；　through　the　authority　of　their　Quaker　meetings。　But　this　system　eventually　disappeared。　The　Welsh　were　absorbed　into　the　English　population；　and　in　a　couple　of　generations　their　language　disappeared。　Prominent　people　are　descended　from　them。　David　Rittenhouse；　the　astronomer；　was　Welsh　on　his　mother's　side。　David　Lloyd；　for　a　long　time　the　leader　of　the　popular　party　and　at　one　time　Chief　Justice；　was　a　Welshman。　Since　the　Revolution　the　Welsh　names　of　Cadwalader　and　Meredith　have　been　conspicuous。

The　Church　of　England　people　formed　a　curious　and　decidedly　hostile　element　in　the　early　population　of　Pennsylvania。　They　established　themselves　in　Philadelphia　in　the　beginning　and　rapidly　grew　into　a　political　party　which；　while　it　cannot　be　called　very　strong　in　numbers；　was　important　in　ability　and　influence。　After　Penn's　death；　his　sons　joined　the　Church　of　England；　and　the　Churchmen　in　the　province　became　still　stronger。　They　formed　the　basis　of　the　proprietary　party；　filled　executive　offices　in　the　Government；　and　waged　relentless　war　against　the　Quaker　majority　which　controlled　the　Legislature。　During　Penn's　lifetime　the　Churchmen　were　naturally　opposed　to　the　whole　government；　both　executive　and　legislative。　They　were　constantly　sending　home　to　England　all　sorts　of　reports　and　information　calculated　to　show　that　the　Quakers　were　unfit　to　rule　a　province；　that　Penn　should　be　deprived　of　his　charter；　and　that　Pennsylvania　should　be　put　under　the　direct　rule　of　the　King。

They　had　delightful　schemes　for　making　it　a　strong　Church　of　England　colony　like　Virginia。　One　of　them　suggested　that；　as　the　title　to　the　Three　Lower　Counties；　as　Delaware　was　called；　was　in　dispute；　it　should　be　taken　by　the　Crown　and　given　to　the　Church　as　a　manor　to　support　a　bishop。　Such　an　ecclesiastic　certainly　could　have　lived　in　princely　state　from　the　rents　of　its　fertile　farms；　with　a　palace；　retinue；　chamberlains；　chancellors；　feudal　courts；　and　all　the　appendages　of　earthly　glory。　For　the　sake　of　the　picturesqueness　of　colonial　history　it　is　perhaps　a　pity　that　this　pious　plan　was　never　carried　out。

As　it　was；　however；　the　Churchmen　established　themselves　with　not　a　little　glamour　and　romance　round　two　institutions；　Christ　Church　for　the　first　fifty　years；　and　after　that　round　the　old　College　of　Philadelphia。　The　Reverend　William　Smith；　a　pugnacious　and　eloquent　Scotchman；　led　them　in　many　a　gallant　onset　against　the　〃haughty　tribe〃　of　Quakers；　and　he　even　suffered　imprisonment　in　the　cause。　He　had　a　country　seat　on　the　Schuylkill　and　was　in　his　way　a　fine　character；　devoted　to　the　establishment　of　ecclesiasticism　and　higher　learning　as　a　bulwark　against　the　menace　of　Quaker　fanaticism；　and　but　for　the　coming　on　of　the　Revolution　he　might　have　become　the　first　colonial　bishop　with　all　the　palaces；　pomp；　and　glory　appertaining　thereunto。

In　spite　of　this　opposition；　however；　the