the quaker colonies-第20章

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；　militia；　and　all　details　of　government。　These　rights　of　a　legislature　are　familiar　enough　now　to　all。　Very　few　people　realize；　however；　what　a　struggle　and　what　sacrifices　were　required　to　attain　them。

The　rest　of　New　Jersey　colonial　history　is　made　up　chiefly　of　struggles　over　these　two　questionsthe　rights　of　the　proprietors　and　their　quitrents　as　against　the　people；　and　the　rights　of　the　new　assembly　as　against　the　Crown。　There　were　thus　three　parties；　the　governor　and　his　adherents；　the　proprietors　and　their　friends；　and　the　assembly　and　the　people。　The　proprietors　had　the　best　of　the　change；　for　they　lost　only　their　troublesome　political　power　and　retained　their　property。　They　never；　however；　received　such　financial　returns　from　the　property　as　the　sons　of　William　Penn　enjoyed　from　Pennsylvania。　But　the　union　of　the　Jerseys　seriously　curtailed　the　rights　enjoyed　by　the　people　under　the　old　government；　and　all　possibility　of　a　Quaker　government　in　West　Jersey　was　ended。　It　was　this　experience　in　the　Jerseys；　no　doubt；　that　caused　William　Penn　to　require　so　many　safeguards　in　selling　his　political　rights　in　Pennsylvania　to　the　Crown　that　the　sale　was；　fortunately　for　the　colony；　never　completed。

The　assembly　under　the　union　met　alternately　at　Perth　Amboy　and　at　Burlington。　Lord　Cornbury；　the　first　governor；　was　also　Governor　of　New　York；　a　humiliating　arrangement　that　led　to　no　end　of　trouble。　The　executive　government；　the　press；　and　the　judiciary　were　in　the　complete　control　of　the　Crown　and　the　Governor；　who　was　instructed　to　take　care　that　〃God　Almighty　be　duly　served　according　to　the　rites　of　the　Church　of　England；　and　the　traffic　in　merchantable　negroes　encouraged。〃　Cornbury　contemptuously　ignored　the　assembly's　right　to　adjourn　and　kept　adjourning　it　till　one　was　elected　which　would　pass　the　laws　he　wanted。　Afterwards　the　assemblies　were　less　compliant；　and；　under　the　lead　of　two　able　men；　Lewis　Morris　of　East　Jersey　and　Samuel　Jennings；　a　Quaker　of　West　Jersey；　they　stood　up　for　their　rights　and　complained　to　the　mother　country。　But　Cornbury　went　on　fighting　them；　granted　monopolies；　established　arbitrary　fees；　prohibited　the　proprietors　from　selling　their　lands；　prevented　three　members　of　the　assembly　duly　elected　from　being　sworn；　and　was　absent　in　New　York　so　much　of　the　time　that　the　laws　went　unexecuted　and　convicted　murderers　wandered　about　at　large。　In　short；　he　went　through　pretty　much　the　whole　list　of　offenses　of　a　corrupt　and　good…for…nothing　royal　governor　of　colonial　times。　The　union　of　the　two　colonies　consequently　seemed　to　involve　no　improvement　over　former　conditions。　At　last；　the　protests　and　appeals　of　proprietors　and　people　prevailed；　and　Cornbury　was　recalled。

Quieter　times　followed；　and　in　1738　New　Jersey　had　the　satisfaction　of　obtaining　a　governor　all　her　own。　The　New　York　Governor　had　always　neglected　Jersey　affairs；　was　difficult　of　access；　made　appointments　and　administered　justice　in　the　interests　of　New　York；　and　forced　Jersey　vessels　to　pay　registration　fees　to　New　York。　Amid　great　rejoicing　over　the　change；　the　Crown　appointed　the　popular　leader；　Lewis　Morris；　as　governor。　But　by　a　strange　turn　of　fate；　when　once　secure　in　power；　he　became　a　most　obstinate　upholder　of　royal　prerogative；　worried　the　assembly　with　adjournments；　and；　after　Cornbury；　was　the　most　obnoxious　of　all　the　royal　governors。

The　governors　now　usually　made　Burlington　their　capital　and　it　became；　on　that　account；　a　place　of　much　show　and　interest。　The　last　colonial　governor　was　William　Franklin；　an　illegitimate　son　of　Benjamin　Franklin；　and　he　would　probably　have　made　a　success　of　the　office　if　the　Revolution　had　not　stopped　him。　He　had　plenty　of　ability；　affable　manners；　and　was　full　of　humor　and　anecdote　like　his　father；　whom　he　is　said　to　have　somewhat　resembled。　He　had　combined　in　youth　a　fondness　for　books　with　a　fondness　for　adventure；　was　comptroller　of　the　colonial　post　office　and　clerk　of　the　Pennsylvania　Assembly；　served　a　couple　of　campaigns　in　the　French　and　Indian　Wars；　went　to　England　with　his　father　in　1757；　was　admitted　to　the　English　Bar；　attained　some　intimacy　with　the　Earl　of　Bute　and　Lord　Fairfax；　and　through　the　latter　obtained　the　governorship　of　New　Jersey　in　1762。

The　people　were　at　first　much　displeased　at　his　appointment　and　never　entirely　got　over　his　illegitimate　birth　and　his　turning　from　Whig　to　Tory　as　soon　as　his　appointment　was　secured。　But　he　advanced　the　interests　of　the　colony　with　the　home　government　and　favored　beneficial　legislation。　He　had　an　attractive　wife；　and　they　entertained；　it　is　said；　with　viceregal　elegance；　and　started　a　fine　model　farm　or　country　place　on　the　north　shore　of　the　Rancocas　not　far　from　the　capital　at　Burlington。　Franklin　was　drawing　the　province　together　and　building　it　up　as　a　community；　but　his　extreme　loyalist　principles　in　the　Revolution　destroyed　his　chance　for　popularity　and　have　obscured　his　reputation。

Though　the　population　of　New　Jersey　was　a　mixed　one；　judged　by　the　very　distinct　religious　differences　of　colonial　times；　yet　racially　it　was　thoroughly　Anglo…Saxon　and　a　good　stock　to　build　upon。　At　the　time　of　the　Revolution　in　1776　the　people　numbered　only　about　120；000；　indicating　a　slow　growth；　but　when　the　first　census　of　the　United　States　was　taken；　in　1790；　they　numbered　184；139。

The　natural　division　of　the　State　into　North　and　South　Jersey　is　marked　by　a　line　from　Trenton　to　Jersey　City。　The　people　of　these　two　divisions　were　quite　as　distinct　in　early　times　as　striking　differences　in　environment　and　religion　could　make　them。　Even　in　the　inevitable　merging　of　modern　life　the　two　regions　are　still　distinct　socially；　economically；　and　intellectually。　Along　the　dividing　line　the　two　types　of　the　population；　of　course；　merged　and　here　was　produced　and　is　still　to　be　found　the　Jerseyman　of　the　composite　type。

Trenton；　the　capital　of　the　State；　is　very　properly　in　the　dividing　belt。　It　was　named　after　William　Trent；　a　Philadelphia　merchant　who　had　been　speaker　of　the　Pennsylvania　Assembly　and　who　became　chief　justice　of　New　Jersey。　Long　ages　before　white　men　came　Trenton　seems　to　have　been　a　meeting　place　and　residence　of　the　Indians　or　preceding　races　of　stone　age　men。　Antiquarians　have　estimated　that　fifty　thousand　stone　implements　have　been　found　in　it。　As　it　was　at　the　head　of　tidewater；　at　the　so…called　Falls　of　the　Delaware；　it　was　apparently　a　center　of　travel　and　traffic　from　other　regions。　From　the　top　of　the　bluff　below　the　modern　city　of　Trenton　there　was　easy　access　to　forests　of　chestnut；　oak；　and　pine；　with　their　supplies　of　game；　while　the　river　and　its　tributary　creeks　were　full　of　fish。　It　was　a　pleasant　and　convenient　place　where　the　people　of　prehistoric　times　apparently　met　and　lingered　during　many　centuries　without　necessarily　having　a　large　resident　population　at　any　one　time。　Trenton　was　so　obviously　convenient　and　central　in　colonial　times　that　it　was　seriously　proposed　as　a　site　for　the　national　capital。

Princeton　University；　though　originating；　as　we　have　seen；　among　the　Presbyterians　of　North　Jersey；　seems　as　a　higher　educational　institution　for　the　whole　State　to　belong　naturally　in　the　dividing　belt；　the　meeting　place　of　the　two　divisions　of　the　colony。　The　college　began　its　existence　at　Elizabeth；　was　then　moved　to　Newark；　both　in　the　strongly　Presbyterian　region；　and　finally；　in　1757；　was　established　at　Princeton；　a　more　suitable　place；　it　was　thought；　because　far　removed　from　the　dissipation　and　temptation　of　towns；　and　because　it　was　in　the　center　of　the　colony　on　the　post　road　between　Philadelphia　and　New　York。　Though　chartered　as　the　College　of　New　Jersey；　it　was　often　called　Nassau　Hall　at　Princeton　or　simply　〃Princeton。〃　In　1896　it　became　known　officially　as　Princeton　University。　It　was　a　hard　struggle　to　found　the　college　with　lotteries　and　petty　subscriptions　here　and　there。　But　Presbyterians　in　New　York　and　other　provinces　gave　aid。　Substantial　assistance　was　also　obtained　from　the　Presbyterians　of　England　and　Scotland。　In　the　old　pamphlets　of　the　time　which　have　been　preserved　the　founders　of　the　college　argued　that　higher　education　was　needed　not　only　for　ministers　of　religion；　but　for　the　bench；　the　bar；　and　the　legislature。　The　two　New　England　colleges；　Harvard　and　Yale；　on　the　north；　and　the　Virginia　College　of　William　and　Mary　on　the　south；　were　too　far　away。　There　must　be　a　college　close　at　hand。

At　first　most　of　the　graduates　entered　the　Presbyterian　ministry。　But　soon　in　the　short　time　before　the　Revolution　there　were　produced　statesmen　such　as　Richard　Stockton　of　New　Jersey；　who　signed　the　Declaration　of　Independence；　physicians　such　as　Dr。　Benjamin　Rush　of　Philadelphia；　soldiers　such　as　〃Light　Horse〃　Harry　Lee　of　Virginia；　as　well　as　founders　of　other　colleges；　governors　of　States；　lawyers；　attorney…generals；　judges；　congressmen；　and　indeed　a　very　powerful　assemblage　of　intellectual　lights。　Nor　should　the　names　of　James　Madison；　Aaron　Burr；　and　Jonathan　Edwards　be　omitted。

East　Jersey　with　her　New　England　influence　attempted　something　like　free　public　schools。　In　West　Jersey　the　Quakers　had　schools。　In　both　Jerseys；　after　1700　some　private　neighborhood　schools　were　started；　independent　of　religious　denominations。　The　West　Jersey　Quakers；　self…cultured　and　with　a　very　effective　system　of　mental　discipline　and　education　in　their　families　as　well　as　in　their　schools；　were　not　particularly　interested　in　higher　education。　But　in　East　Jersey　as　another　evidence　of　intellectual　awakening　in　colonial　times；　Queen's　College；　afterward　known　as　Rutgers　College；　was　established　by　the　Dutch　Reformed　Church　in　1766；　and　was　naturally　placed；　near　the　old　source　of　Dutch　influence；　at　New　Brunswick　in　the　northerly　end　of　the　dividing　belt。

New　Jersey　was　fortunate　in　having　no　Indian　wars　in　colonial　times；　no　frontier；　no　point　of　hostile　contact　with　the　French　of　Canada　or　with　the　powerful　western　tribes　of　red　men。　Like　Rhode　Island　in　this　respect；　she　was　completely　shut　in　by　the　other　colonies。　Once　or　twice　only　did　bands　of　savages　cross　the　Delaware　and　commit　depredations　on　Jersey　soil。　This　colony；　however；　did　her　part　in　sending　troops　and　assistance　to　the　others　in　the　long　French　and　Indian　wars；　but　she　had　none　of　the　pressing　danger　and　experience　of　other　colonies。　Her　people　were　never　drawn　together　by　a　common　danger　until　the　Revolution。

In　Jersey　colonial　homes　there　was　not　a　single　modern　convenience　of　light；　heat；　or　cooking；　and　none　of　the　modern　amusements。　But　there　was　plenty　of　good　living　and　simple　diversionhusking　bees　and　shooting　in　the　autumn；　skating　and　sleighing　in　the　winter。　Meetings　and　discussions　in　coffeehouses　and　inns　supplied　in　those　days　the　place　of　our　modern　books；　newspapers；　and　magazines。　Jersey　inns　were　famous　meeting　places。　Everybody　passed　through　their　doorsjudges；　lawyers；　legislators；　politicians；　post　riders；　stage　drivers；　each　bringing　his　contribution　of　information　and　humor；　and　the　slaves　and　rabble　stood　round　to　pick　up　news　and　see　the　fun。　The　court　days　in　each　county　were　holidays　celebrated　with　games　of　quoits；　running；　jumping；　feasting；　and　discussions　political　and　social。　At　the　capital　there　was