the quaker colonies-第15章

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。　But　Sir　William　Jones　deciding　against　him；　he　acquiesced；　confirmed　the　political　rights　of　West　Jersey　by　a　separate　grant；　and　withdrew　any　authority　Andros　claimed　over　East　Jersey。　The　trouble；　however；　did　not　end　here。　Both　the　Jerseys　were　long　afflicted　by　domineering　attempts　from　New　York。

Penn　and　his　fellow　trustees　now　prepared　a　constitution；　or　〃Concessions　and　Agreements；〃　as　they　called　it；　for　West　Jersey；　the　first　Quaker　political　constitution　embodying　their　advanced　ideas；　establishing　religious　liberty；　universal　suffrage；　and　voting　by　ballot；　and　abolishing　imprisonment　for　debt。　It　foreshadowed　some　of　the　ideas　subsequently　included　in　the　Pennsylvania　constitution。　All　these　experiences　were　an　excellent　school　for　William　Penn。　He　learned　the　importance　in　starting　a　colony　of　having　a　carefully　and　maturely　considered　system　of　government。　In　his　preparations　some　years　afterwards　for　establishing　Pennsylvania　he　avoided　much　of　the　bungling　of　the　West　Jersey　enterprise。

A　better　organized　attempt　was　now　made　to　establish　a　foothold　in　West　Jersey　farther　up　the　river　than　Fenwick's　colony　at　Salem。　In　1677　the　ship　Kent　took　out　some　230　rather　well…to…do　Quakers；　about　as　fine　a　company　of　broadbrims；　it　is　said；　as　ever　entered　the　Delaware。　Some　were　from　Yorkshire　and　London；　largely　creditors　of　Byllinge；　who　were　taking　land　to　satisfy　their　debts。　They　all　went　up　the　river　to　Raccoon　Creek　on　the　Jersey　side；　about　fifteen　miles　below　the　present　site　of　Philadelphia；　and　lived　at　first　among　the　Swedes；　who　had　been　in　that　part　of　Jersey　for　some　years　and　who　took　care　of　the　new　arrivals　in　their　barns　and　sheds。　These　Quaker　immigrants；　however；　soon　began　to　take　care　of　themselves；　and　the　weather　during　the　winter　proving　mild；　they　explored　farther　up　the　river　in　a　small　boat。　They　bought　from　the　Indians　the　land　along　the　river　shore　from　Oldman's　Creek　all　the　way　up　to　Trenton　and　made　their　first　settlements　on　the　river　about　eighteen　miles　above　the　site　of　Philadelphia；　at　a　place　they　at　first　called　New　Beverly；　then　Bridlington；　and　finally　Burlington。

They　may　have　chosen　this　spot　partly　because　there　had　been　an　old　Dutch　settlement　of　a　few　families　there。　It　had　long　been　a　crossing　of　the　Delaware　for　the　few　persons　who　passed　by　land　from　New　York　or　New　England　to　Maryland　and　Virginia。　One　of　the　Dutchmen；　Peter　Yegon；　kept　a　ferry　and　a　house　for　entertaining　travelers。　George　Fox；　who　crossed　there　in　1671；　describes　the　place　as　having　been　plundered　by　the　Indians　and　deserted。　He　and　his　party　swam　their　horses　across　the　river　and　got　some　of　the　Indians　to　help　them　with　canoes。

Other　Quaker　immigrants　followed；　going　to　Salem　as　well　as　to　Burlington；　and　a　stretch　of　some　fifty　miles　of　the　river　shore　became　strongly　Quaker。　There　are　not　many　American　towns　now　to　be　found　with　more　of　the　old…time　picturesqueness　and　more　relics　of　the　past　than　Salem　and　Burlington。

Settlements　were　also　started　on　the　river　opposite　the　site　afterwards　occupied　by　Philadelphia；　at　Newton　on　the　creek　still　called　by　that　name；　and　another　a　little　above　on　Cooper's　Creek；　known　as　Cooper's　Ferry　until　1794。　Since　then　it　has　become　the　flourishing　town　of　Camden；　full　of　shipbuilding　and　manufacturing；　but　for　long　after　the　Revolution　it　was　merely　a　small　village　on　the　Jersey　shore　opposite　Philadelphia；　sometimes　used　as　a　hunting　ground　and　a　place　of　resort　for　duelers　and　dancing　parties　from　Philadelphia。

The　Newton　settlers　were　Quakers　of　the　English　middle　class；　weavers；　tanners；　carpenters；　bricklayers；　chandlers；　blacksmiths；　coopers；　bakers；　haberdashers；　hatters；　and　linen　drapers；　most　of　them　possessed　of　property　in　England　and　bringing　good　supplies　with　them。　Like　all　the　rest　of　the　New　Jersey　settlers　they　were　in　no　sense　adventurers；　gold　seekers；　cavaliers；　or　desperadoes。　They　were　well…to…do　middle　class　English　tradespeople　who　would　never　have　thought　of　leaving　England　if　they　had　not　lost　faith　in　the　stability　of　civil　and　religious　liberty　and　the　security　of　their　property　under　the　Stuart　Kings。　With　them　came　servants；　as　they　were　called；　that　is；　persons　of　no　property；　who　agreed　to　work　for　a　certain　time　in　payment　of　their　passage；　to　escape　from　England。　All；　indeed；　were　escaping　from　England　before　their　estates　melted　away　in　fines　and　confiscations　or　their　health　or　lives　ended　in　the　damp；　foul　air　of　the　crowded　prisons。　Many　of　those　who　came　had　been　in　jail　and　had　decided　that　they　would　not　risk　imprisonment　a　second　time。　Indeed；　the　proportion　of　West　Jersey　immigrants　who　had　actually　been　in　prison　for　holding　or　attending　Quaker　meetings　or　refusing　to　pay　tithes　for　the　support　of　the　established　church　was　large。　For　example；　William　Bates；　a　carpenter；　while　in　jail　for　his　religion；　made　arrangements　with　his　friends　to　escape　to　West　Jersey　as　soon　as　he　should　be　released；　and　his　descendants　are　now　scattered　over　the　United　States。　Robert　Turner；　a　man　of　means；　who　settled　finally　in　Philadelphia　but　also　owned　much　land　near　Newton　in　West　Jersey；　had　been　imprisoned　in　England　in　1660；　again　in　1662；　again　in　1665；　and　some　of　his　property　had　been　taken；　again　imprisoned　in　1669　and　more　property　taken；　and　many　others　had　the　same　experience。　Details　such　as　these　make　us　realize　the　situation　from　which　the　Quakers　sought　to　escape。　So　widespread　was　the　Quaker　movement　in　England　and　so　severe　the　punishment　imposed　in　order　to　suppress　it　that　fifteen　thousand　families　are　said　to　have　been　ruined　by　the　fines；　confiscations；　and　imprisonments。

Not　a　few　Jersey　Quakers　were　from　Ireland；　whither　they　had　fled　because　there　the　laws　against　them　were　less　rigorously　administered。　The　Newton　settlers　were　joined　by　Quakers　from　Long　Island；　where；　under　the　English　law　as　administered　by　the　New　York　governors；　they　had　also　been　fined　and　imprisoned；　though　with　less　severity　than　at　home；　for　nonconformity　to　the　Church　of　England。　On　arriving；　the　West　Jersey　settlers　suffered　some　hardships　during　the　year　that　must　elapse　before　a　crop　could　be　raised　and　a　log　cabin　or　house　built。　During　that　period　they　usually　lived；　in　the　Indian　manner；　in　wigwams　of　poles　covered　with　bark；　or　in　caves　protected　with　logs　in　the　steep　banks　of　the　creeks。　Many　of　them　lived　in　the　villages　of　the　Indians。　The　Indians　supplied　them　all　with　corn　and　venison；　and　without　this　Indian　help；　they　would　have　run　serious　risk　of　starving；　for　they　were　not　accustomed　to　hunting。　They　had　also　to　thank　the　Indians　for　having　in　past　ages　removed　so　much　of　the　heavy　forest　growth　from　the　wide　strip　of　land　along　the　river　that　it　was　easy　to　start　cultivation。

These　Quaker　settlers　made　a　point　of　dealing　very　justly　with　the　Indians　and　the　two　races　lived　side　by　side　for　several　generations。　There　is　an　instance　recorded　of　the　Indians　attending　with　much　solemnity　the　funeral　of　a　prominent　Quaker　woman；　Esther　Spicer；　for　whom　they　had　acquired　great　respect。　The　funeral　was　held　at　night；　and　the　Indians　in　canoes；　the　white　men　in　boats；　passed　down　Cooper's　Creek　and　along　the　river　to　Newton　Creek　where　the　graveyard　was；　lighting　the　darkness　with　innumerable　torches；　a　strange　scene　to　think　of　now　as　having　been　once　enacted　in　front　of　the　bustling　cities　of　Camden　and　Philadelphia。　Some　of　the　young　settlers　took　Indian　wives；　and　that　strain　of　native　blood　is　said　to　show　itself　in　the　features　of　several　families　to　this　day。

Many　letters　of　these　settlers　have　been　preserved；　all　expressing　the　greatest　enthusiasm　for　the　new　country；　for　the　splendid　river　better　than　the　Thames；　the　good　climate；　and　their　improved　health；　the　immense　relief　to　be　away　from　the　constant　dread　of　fines　and　punishment；　the　chance　to　rise　in　the　world；　with　large　rewards　for　industry。　They　note　the　immense　quantities　of　game；　the　Indians　bringing　in　fat　bucks　every　day；　the　venison　better　than　in　England；　the　streams　full　of　fish；　the　abundance　of　wild　fruits；　cranberries；　hurtleberries；　the　rapid　increase　of　cattle；　and　the　good　soil。　A　few　details　concerning　some　of　the　interesting　characters　among　these　early　colonial　Quakers　have　been　rescued　from　oblivion。　There　is；　for　instance；　the　pleasing　picture　of　a　young　man　and　his　sister；　convinced　Quakers；　coming　out　together　and　pioneering　in　their　log　cabin　until　each　found　a　partner　for　life。　There　was　John　Haddon；　from　whom　Haddonfield　is　named；　who　bought　a　large　tract　of　land　but　remained　in　England；　while　his　daughter　Elizabeth　came　out　alone　to　look　after　it。　A　strong；　decisive　character　she　was；　and　women　of　that　sort　have　always　been　encouraged　in　independent　action　by　the　Quakers。　She　proved　to　be　an　excellent　manager　of　an　estate。　The　romance　of　her　marriage　to　a　young　Quaker　preacher；　Estaugh；　has　been　celebrated　in　Mrs。　Maria　Child's　novel　〃The　Youthful　Emigrant。〃　The　pair　became　leading　citizens　devoted　to　good　works　and　to　Quaker　liberalism　for　many　a　year　in　Haddonfield。

It　was　the　ship　Shields　of　Hull；　bringing　Quaker　immigrants　to　Burlington；　of　which　the　story　is　told　that　in　beating　up　the　river　she　tacked　close　to　the　rather　high　bank　with　deep　water　frontage　where　Philadelphia　was　afterwards　established；　and　some　of　the　passengers　remarked　that　it　was　a　fine　site　for　a　town。　The　Shields；　it　is　said；　was　the　first　ship　to　sail　up　as　far　as　Burlington。　Anchoring　before　Burlington　in　the　evening；　the　colonists　woke　up　next　morning　to　find　the　river　frozen　hard　so　that　they　walked　on　the　ice　to　their　future　habitations。

Burlington　was　made　the　capital　of　West　Jersey；　a　legislature　was　convened　and　laws　were　passed　under　the　〃concessions〃　or　constitution　of　the　proprietors。　Salem　and　Burlington　became　the　ports　of　the　little　province；　which　was　well　under　way　by　1682；　when　Penn　came　out　to　take　possession　of　Pennsylvania。

The　West　Jersey　people　of　these　two　settlements　spread　eastward　into　the　interior　but　were　stopped　by　a　great　forest　area　known　as　the　Pines；　or　Pine　Barrens；　of　such　heavy　growth　that　even　the　Indians　lived　on　its　outer　edges　and　entered　it　only　for　hunting。　It　was　an　irregularly　shaped　tract；　full　of　wolves；　bear；　beaver；　deer；　and　other　game；　and　until　recent　years　has　continued　to　attract　sportsmen　from　all　parts　of　the　country。　Starting　near　Delaware　Bay；　it　extended　parallel　with　the　ocean　as　far　north　as　the　lower　portion　of　the　present　Monmouth　County　and　formed　a　region　about　seventy…five　miles　long　and　thirty　miles　wide。　It　was　roughly　the　part　of　the　old　sandy　shoal　that　first　emerged　from　the　ocean；　and　it　has　been　longer　above　water　than　any　other　part　of　southern　Jersey。　The　old　name；　Pine　Barrens；　is　hardly　correct　because　it　implies　something　like　a　desert；　when　as　a　matter　of　fact　the　region　produced　magnificent　forest　trees。

The　innumerable　visitors　who　cross　southern　Jersey　to　the　famous　seashore　resorts　always　pass　through　the　remains　of　this　old　central　forest　and　are　likely　to　conclude　that　the　monotonous　low　scrub　oaks　and　stunted　pines　on　sandy　level　soil；　seen　for　the　last　two　or　three　generations；　were　always　there　and　that　the　primeval　forest　of　colonial　times　was　n