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     and seen to it that freedom should exist�察�not only within our own
     gates�察�but in our own neighborhood。  We have set Cuba free and
     placed her among the galaxy of free nations of the world。  We
     started out to set those poor Filipinos free�察�but why that righteous
     plan miscarried perhaps I shall never know。  We have also been
     making a creditable showing in China�察�and that is more than all the
     other powers can say。  The ;Yellow Terror; is threatening the world��
     but no matter what happens the United States says that it has had no
     part in it。

     Since I have been away we have been nursing free silver。  We have
     watched by its cradle�察�we have done our best to raise that child��
     but every time it seemed to be getting along nicely along came some
     pestiferous Republican and gave it the measles or something。  I fear
     we will never raise that child。

     We've done more than that。  We elected a President four years ago。 
     We've found fault and criticized him�察�and here a day or two ago we
     go and elect him for another four years�察�with votes enough to spare
     to do it over again。

One club followed another in honoring Mark Twainthe Aldine�察�the St。 
Nicholas�察�the Press clubs�察�and other associations and societies。  His old
friends were at these dinnersHowells�察�Aldrich�察�Depew�察�Rogers��
ex´Speaker Reedand they praised him and gibed him to his and their
hearts' content。

It was a political year�察�and he generally had something to say on matters
municipal�察�national�察�or international�察�and he spoke out more and more
freely�察�as with each opportunity he warmed more righteously to his
subject。

At the dinner given to him by the St。 Nicholas Club he said�察�with deep
irony��

     Gentlemen�察�you have here the best municipal government in the world��
     and the most fragrant and the purest。  The very angels of heaven
     envy you and wish they had a government like it up there。  You got
     it by your noble fidelity to civic duty�察�by the stern and ever
     watchful exercise of the great powers lodged in you as lovers and
     guardians of your city�察�by your manly refusal to sit inert when base
     men would have invaded her high places and possessed them�察�by your
     instant retaliation when any insult was offered you in her person��
     or any assault was made upon her fair fame。  It is you who have made
     this government what it is�察�it is you who have made it the envy and
     despair of the other capitals of the worldand God bless you for
     it�察�gentlemen�察�God bless you�  �And when you get to heaven at last
     they'll say with joy�察 �Oh�察�there they come�察�the representatives of
     the perfectest citizenship in the universe show them the archangel's
     box and turn on the limelight� �

Those hearers who in former years had been indifferent to Mark Twain's
more serious purpose began to realize that�察�whatever he may have been
formerly�察�he was by no means now a mere fun´maker�察�but a man of deep and
grave convictions�察�able to give them the fullest and most forcible
expression。  He still might make them laugh�察�but he also made them think��
and he stirred them to a truer gospel of patriotism。  He did not preach a
patriotism that meant a boisterous cheering of the Stars and Stripes
right or wrong�察�but a patriotism that proposed to keep the Stars and
Stripes clean and worth shouting for。  In an article�察�perhaps it was a
speech�察�begun at this time he wrote��

     We teach the boys to atrophy their independence。  We teach them to
     take their patriotism at second´hand�察�to shout with the largest
     crowd without examining into the right or wrong of the matter
     exactly as boys under monarchies are taught and have always been
     taught。  We teach them to regard as traitors�察�and hold in aversion
     and contempt�察�such as do not shout with the crowd�察�& so here in our
     democracy we are cheering a thing which of all things is most
     foreign to it & out of placethe delivery of our political
     conscience into somebody else's keeping。  This is patriotism on the
     Russian plan。

Howells tells of discussing these vital matters with him in ;an upper
room�察─�looking south over a quiet�察�open space o��back yards where�察─�he
says�察 �we fought our battles in behalf of the Filipinos and Boers�察�and he
carried on his campaign against the missionaries in China。;

Howells at the time expressed an amused fear that Mark Twain's
countrymen�察�who in former years had expected him to be merely a humorist��
should now�察�in the light of his wider acceptance abroad�察�demand that he
be mainly serious。

But the American people were quite ready to accept him in any of his
phases�察�fully realizing that whatever his philosophy or doctrine it would
have somewhat of the humorous form�察�and whatever his humor�察�there would
somewhere be wisdom in it。  He had in reality changed little�察�for a
generation he had thought the sort of things which he now�察�with advanced
years and a different audience�察�felt warranted in uttering openly。  The
man who in '64 had written against corruption in San Francisco�察�who a few
years later had defended the emigrant Chinese against persecution�察�who at
the meetings of the Monday Evening Club had denounced hypocrisy in
politics�察�morals�察�and national issues�察�did not need to change to be able
to speak out against similar abuses now。  And a newer generation as
willing to herald Mark Twain as a sage as well as a humorist�察�and on
occasion to quite overlook the absence of the cap and bells。




CCXIII

MARK TWAINGENERAL SPOKESMAN

Clemens did not confine his speeches altogether to matters of reform。  At
a dinner given by the Nineteenth Century Club in November�察�1900�察�he spoke
on the ;Disappearance of Literature�察─�and at the close of the discussion
of that subject�察�referring to Milton and Scott�察�he said��

     Professor Winchester also said something about there being no modern
     epics like ;Paradise Lost。;  I guess he's right。  He talked as if he
     was pretty familiar with that piece of literary work�察�and nobody
     would suppose that he never had read it。  I don't believe any of you
     have ever read ;Paradise Lost�察─�and you don't want to。  That's
     something that you just want to take on trust。  It's a classic�察�just
     as Professor Winchester says�察�and it meets his definition of a
     classicsomething that everybody wants to have read and nobody
     wants to read。

     Professor Trent also had a good deal to say about the disappearance
     of literature。  He said that Scott would outlive all his critics。
     I guess that's true。  That fact of the business is you've got to be
     one of two ages to appreciate Scott。  When you're eighteen you can
     read Ivanhoe�察�and you want to wait until you're ninety to read some
     of the rest。  It takes a pretty well´regulated abstemious critic to
     live ninety years。

But a few days later he was back again in the forefront of reform��
preaching at the Berkeley Lyceum against foreign occupation in China。
It was there that he declared himself a Boxer。

     Why should not China be free from the foreigners�察�who are only
     making trouble on her soil�拭 �If they would only all go home what a
     pleasant place China would be for the Chinese�  �We do not allow
     Chinamen to come here�察�and I say�察�in all seriousness�察�that it would
     be a graceful thing to let China decide who shall go there。

     China never wanted foreigners any more than foreigners wanted
     Chinamen�察�and on this question I am with the Boxers every time。  The
     Boxer is a patriot。  He loves his country better than he does the
     countries of other people。  I wish him success。  We drive the
     Chinaman out of our country�察�the Boxer believes in driving us out of
     his country。  I am a Boxer�察�too�察�on those terms。

Introducing Winston Churchill�察�of England�察�at a dinner some weeks later��
he explained how generous England and America had been in not requiring
fancy rates for ;extinguished missionaries; in China as Germany had done。 
Germany had required territory and cash�察�he said�察�in payment for her
missionaries�察�while the United States and England had been willing to
settle for producefirecrackers and tea。

The Churchill introduction would seem to have been his last speech for
the year 1900�察�and he expected it�察�with one exception�察�to be the last for
a long time。  He realized that he was tired and that the strain upon him
made any other sort of work out of the question。  Writing to MacAlister
at the end of the year�察�he said�察 �I seem to have made many speeches�察�but
it is not so。  It is not more than ten�察�I think。;  Still�察�a respectable
number in the space of two months�察�considering that each was carefully
written and committed to memory�察�and all amid crushing social pressure。 
Again to MacAlister��

     I declined 7 banquets yesterday ��which is double the daily average��
     & answered 29 letters。  I have slaved at my mail every day since we
     arrived in mid´October�察�but Jean is learning to typewrite &
     presently I'll dictate & thereby save some scraps of time。

He added that after January 4th he did not intend to speak again for a
yearthat he would not speak then only that the matter concerned the
reform of city government。

The occasion of January 4�察�1901�察�was a rather important one。  It was a
meeting of the City Club�察�then engaged in the crusade for municipal
reform。  Wheeler H。 Peckham presided�察�and Bishop Potter made the opening
address。  It all seems like ancient history now�察�and perhaps is not very
vital any more�察�but the movement was making a great stir then�察�and Mark
Twain's declaration that he believed forty´nine men out of fifty were
honest�察�and that the forty´nine only needed to organize to disqualify the
fiftieth man ��always organized for crime���察�was quoted as a sort of slogan
for reform。

Clemens was not permitted to keep his resolution that he wouldn't speak
again that year。  He had become a sort of general spokesman on public
matters�察�and demands were made upon him which could not be denied。  He
declined a Yale alumni dinner�察�but he could not refuse to preside at the
Lincoln Birthday celebration at Carnegie Hall�察�February 11th�察�where he
must introduce Watterson as the speaker of the evening。

;Think of it� ─�he wrote Twichell。  ;Two old rebels functioning there�此�I
as president and Watterson as orator of the day�  �Things have changed
somewhat in these forty years�察�thank God� �

The Watterson introduction is one of the choicest of Mark Twain's
speechesa pure and perfect example of simple eloquence�察�worthy of the
occasion which gave it utterance�察�worthy in spite of its playful
paragraphs ��or even because of them�察�for Lincoln would have loved them����
to become the matrix of that imperishable Gettysburg phrase with which he
makes his climax。  He opened by dwelling for a moment on Colonel
Watterson as a soldier�察�journalist�察�orator�察�statesman�察�and patriot�察�then
he said��

     It is a curious circumstance that without collusion of any kind�察�but
     merely in obedience to a strange and pleasant and dramatic freak of
     destiny�察�he and I�察�kinsmen by blood��Co

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