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2。 Toward a Biopsychosocial Model 
a�� In contrast to non´Western cultures�察�which often assumed a link 
between body and mind�察�the traditional Western biomedical model is 
dualistic�察�medically treating the body separately from the psyche 

b�� The biopsychosocial model links physical health to state of mind and 
environment。 It has three ponents�此�

��i�� Bio acknowledges the reality of biological illness 
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CHAPTER 13�此�EMOTION�察�STRESS�察�AND HEALTH 

��ii�� Psycho and social acknowledge the psychological and social 
ponents of health 
c�� Concept of wellness incorporates physical�察�intellectual�察�emotional 
spiritual�察�social�察�and environmental aspects of your life 

d�� Health behavior refers to the undertaking of an activity for purposes of 
preventing disease or detecting it while still asymptomatic 

C。 Health Promotion 
1。 Health promotion means development of general strategies and specific tactics 
to eliminate or reduce the risk of getting sick 
2。 Smoking 
a�� Smoking may be initiated as a sensation´seeking mode 

b�� Readiness to quit smoking entails five stages�此�

��i�� Precontemplation�察�not yet thinking about quitting 
��ii�� Contemplation�察�thinking about quitting but no behavioral 
changes 
��iii�� Preparation�察�getting ready to quit 
��iv�� Action�察�taking of action by establishing behavior goals 
��v�� Maintenance�察�now a nonsmoker�察�individual tries to remain so 
3。 AIDS ��Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome�� 
a�� The causal agent is HIV ��Human Immunodeficiency Virus�� 

��i�� Infectious agent is not airborne 
��ii�� Requires direct access to the bloodstream to produce infection 
b�� The virus is passed from one person to another in one of two ways�此�
��i�� The exchange of semen or blood during sexual contact 
��ii�� The sharing of intravenous needles and syringes used for 
injection of intravenous drugs 
c�� Who is at risk for AIDS�拭�

��i�� Everyone� �
��ii�� According to Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention�察�
35��000 individuals!1 in every 500 college students!are HIV 
positive 
d�� Coates¨ multidisciplinary team approach uses psychological 
principles to prevent spread of AIDS 

e�� Successful interventions require three ponents 

��i�� Information�此�Provide knowledge about transmission and how 
to prevent transmission 
��ii�� Motivation�此�People must be motivated to practice prevention 
��iii�� Behavioral skills�此�People must be taught how to put knowledge 
to effective use 
D。 Treatment 
1。 Treatment focuses on helping individuals adjust to illnesses and recover from 
them 
247 


PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE 

2。 Three aspects of treatment 
a�� Patient Adherence 

��i�� Treatment regimens are often not followed�察�a serious problem 
in health care 
��ii�� Health´care professionals can improve patient adherence to 
treatment regimen through�此�
��a�� Improving trust in efficacy of treatment as outweighing 
treatment costs 
��b�� municating clearly�察�being courteous�察�and conveying a 
sense of caring and support 
��c�� Health practitioners must recognize the role of cultural and 
social norms in treatment�察�involving family and friends 
when appropriate 
b�� Harnessing the mind to heal the body 

��i�� Psychological strategies can improve physical well´being 
��ii�� Relaxation response decreases muscle tension�察�cortical activity�察�
heart rate�察�and respiration rate 
��iii�� Biofeedback is a self´regulatory technique used for control of 
blood pressure�察�relaxation of forehead muscles�察�and ��even�。� 
extreme blushing 
c�� Psychological Impact on Health Outes 

��i�� Psychological factors influence serious illness 
��ii�� Social support and emotional disclosure can positively 
influence the course of diseases such as cancer 
E。 Job Burnout and the Health´Care System 
1。 Job burnout is a syndrome of emotional exhaustion�察�depersonalization�察�and 
reduced personal acplishment 
a�� Often experienced by workers in the health care system 

b�� Increasing today due to corporate downsizing 

F。 A Toast to Your Health 
1。 Set goals and restructure life so as to forge a healthy foundation 
2。 Nine steps to better health�此�
a�� Give yourself and others only constructive criticism 

b�� pare your reactions�察�thoughts�察�and feelings to those of other 
individuals in your life who are in a parable situation 

c�� Share feelings�察�joys�察�and worries with social support network 

d�� Develop a sense of balanced time perspective 

e�� Take credit for your successes and happiness 

f�� When feeling you are losing control over emotions�察�distance yourself 
from situation to gain perspective 

g�� Learn from your failures 

h�� If you are unable to help either yourself or another individual in 
distress�察�seek the counsel of a trained specialist 

248 


CHAPTER 13�此�EMOTION�察�STRESS�察�AND HEALTH 

i�� Cultivate healthy pleasures and past times 

249 


PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE 

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 

1。 Motivation and emotion are constructs that have much in mon�察�though each has significant 
aspects that distinguish it from the other。 Discuss with the class what seems to be the primary 
difference between the two concepts�拭�Why is it significant�拭�
2。 Have the class think of times when they felt strongly motivated but not ^emotional。 ̄ Is it also 
possible to feel strong emotion�察�without simultaneously feeling motivated to act in some way on 
those feelings�拭�If either case is possible�察�is something ^missing ̄ when motivation lacks emotion�拭�
What is missing�察�and does it matter�拭�
3。 Think about emotion in an evolutionary sense。 What functions does it serve�拭�What functions has it 
served in the past�拭�Is emotion still a necessary phenomenon for us�察�living as we do�察�in our locked 
homes and automobiles�拭�
4。 Living with stress on a long´term basis is a part of the lives of many people�察�and that stress can be 
acute ��Honey�察�I just wrecked the car�。� or chronic ��if one more fool cuts in front of me on the freeway 
。。。 ��。 Consider the physiological and psychological impacts of having severe�察�chronic respiratory 
allergies�察�what issues would this bring to mind in terms of coping and attempting to live an 
unencumbered lifestyle�拭�
5。 Discuss coping styles in terms of Type A�察�Type B�察�and Type C personalities。 Which personality type 
is most likely to use which coping style�拭�Have students determine why a particular personality 
type responds with a given coping style。 
6。 Discuss learned helplessness from the perspective of controllable versus uncontrollable stressors。 
7。 Can students give any examples of how one person¨s eustress might be another person¨s distress�拭�
��What about the obvious examples of watching horror movies�察�riding on roller coasters�察�being in 
certain occupations�察�or even studying for a final exam�殖� 
8。 Have the class name some ways in which they could reduce the stress in their lives。 As they listen 
to others name their stress´reducing strategies�察�do they ��or do you�� hear any that could reduce 
yours�拭�Do you also hear some ideas that would only make your stress worse�拭�
250 


CHAPTER 13�此�EMOTION�察�STRESS�察�AND HEALTH 

SUPPLEMENTAL LECTURE MATERIAL 

Theories of Emotion 

Emotion�察�as a concept�察�seems to imply that a person is ^changed ̄ or ^moved ̄ from one state to another�察�as 
from happy to sad or angry。 Emotion consists of several ponents。 They are�此�

1。 The affective ponent is observed in the reaction of the body。 Reactions may take the form of 
sweating�察�trembling�察�and turning white。 This ponent is a function of the activity of the 
autonomic nervous system�察�preparing your body for action�察�if action bees necessary。 
2。 The cognitive ponent consists of the thoughts and beliefs that acpany any given emotion。 
This ponent provides a label for what your body is expressing。 
3。 The facial expression is the look on your face。 
4。 The reactions to the emotion�察�such as running from a menacing bear。 
These varied ponents imply that emotion is a multifaceted construct。 There are three dominant 
traditions or perspectives from which to study emotion。 They are�察�in order of historical appearance�此�
biological�察�learning�察�and cognitive。 

Biological/Psychophysical Tradition 

This approach is based on Darwin¨s theory of evolution�察�and proposes that the ways in which organisms 
express emotion have had survival value in the past。 This would imply that dogs snarl when they feel 
threatened because snarling itself has been interpreted by other dogs and animals as threatening behavior。 
Snarling helped drive off threats and avoid fights。 As Darwin proposed�察�this form of emotional response 
has ��or had�� survival value。 

Learning Tradition 

This approach is a drive theory perspective。 Kenneth Spence divided the study of emotion into motivational 
events�察�and proposed two categories of events。 They are�此�

。 Appetitive states�察�such as hunger and thirst�察�involve situations that lead to approach behavior 
。 Aversive states involve situations that lead the organism to withdraw or flee the situation。 Pain is the 
most well known aversive stimuli�察�and the most frequently studied。 
Spence argued that the drive that activates aversive states was a result of the development of an internal�察�
emotional response in the organism�察�that the organism¨s emotionality was aroused by an aversive stimulus 
��pain�察�fear�察�and electric shock��。 Spence¨s basic premise was that organisms learn from experience which 
situations have aversive potential�察�and then strive to avoid those situations。 

Cognitive Tradition 

This approach stresses the importance of cognitive appraisal of a situation。 Richard Lazarus felt that bodily 
��affective�� changes were not sufficient for the experience of a true emotional feeling�察�that we must assess a 
situation as emotion producing before we can experience emotion。 The first model to posit this idea was that 
proposed by the Lazarus�CSchachter theory of appraisal。 

We now have a foundation for the study of emotion�察�so let us discuss theories that have been popular at 
different times throughout the years。 

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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE 

The James�CLange Theory 

James and Lange proposed that feelings of emotion did not occur immediately after the perception of an 
event in the environment�察�but because of our bodily responses to the event or object。 In a diagram form�察�the 
chain of events looks like this�此�

PERCEPTION T BODILY CHANGES T EMOTION T BEHAVIOR 

As an example of how this might look in real life�察�imagine meeting an angry bear in the woods�此�

SNARLING BEAR T INCREASED HEART RATE�察�T FEAR� �T FIGHT OR 
BP & RESPIRATION FLIGHT� �

James and Lange felt that the perception of a stimulus�察�such as a snarling bear�察�led to changes in the body。 
These changes are then fed back to the brain�察�indicating a ^changed state ̄ and prompting a change in the 
subjective experience of emotion。 James and Lange felt that the perception of changes in bodily sensations 
led to emotional experience。 James and Lange would argue that you do not run because you are afraid of the 
bear�察�but rather you are afraid because you run。 

The Cannon�CBard Theory 

The James�CLange model of emotional response was popular for quite some time�察�until W。 B。 Cannon came 
along about 1930 and criticized the James�CLange model on different grounds

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