forty centuries of ink-第35章

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the　logwoods；　〃Raven　Black〃　is　best　known。　When

the　state　of　Massachusetts　in　1894　decided　that　recording

officers　must　use　a　〃gall〃　ink　made　after　an

official　formula；　they　competed　with　other　manufacturers

for　the　privilege　of　supplying　such　an　ink　and

won　it。　They　do　not　offer　for　sale；　however；　〃gall〃

ink　WITHOUT　added　color。　Their　laboratories　are

magnificently　equipped；　the　writer　has　had　the　pleasure

of　collaborating　with　several　of　their　expert　chemists。



The　〃Fabers；〃　who　date　back　to　the　year　1761；　are

known　all　over　the　world　as　lead　pencil　makers。　They

also　manufacture　many　inks　and　have　done　so　since

1881；　when　they　built　now　factories　at　Noisy…le…Sac；

near　Paris。　Blue…black　and　violet…black　writing　and

copying　inks　of　the　class　made　by　the　〃Antoines〃

are　the　principal　kinds。　They　do　not　offer　for　sale；

tanno…gallate　of　iron　ink　without　〃added〃　color。　A

branch　house　in　New　York　City　has　remained　since

1843。



〃Stafford's〃　violet　combined　writing　and　copying

ink　was　first　placed　on　the　New　York　market　in

1869；　though　it　was　in　1858　that　Mr。　S。　S。　Stafford；

the　founder　of　the　house；　began　the　manufacture　of

inks；　which　he　has　continued　to　do　to　the　present

day。　His　chemical　writing　fluids　are　very　popular；

but　he　does　not　make　a　tanno…gallate　of　iron　ink

without　〃added〃　color；　for　the　trade。



Charles　M。　Higgins　of　Brooklyn；　N。　Y。；　in　1880

commenced　the　manufacture　of　〃carbon〃　inks　for

engrossing；　architectural　and　engineering　purposes；

and　has　succeeded　in　producing　an　excellent　liquid

〃Indian〃　ink；　which　will　not　lose　its　consistency

if　kept　from　the　air。　It　can　also　be　used　as　a　writing

ink；　if　thinned　down　with　water。　He　does　not

make　a　tanno…gallate　of　iron　ink　without　〃added〃

color。



Maynard　and　Noyes；　whose　inks　were　much

esteemed　in　this　section　for　over　fifty　years；　is　no

longer　in　business；　as　is　the　case　with　many　others　well

known　during　the　first　half　of　the　nineteenth　century。



The　enormous　quantities　of　ink　of　every　color；

quality　and　description　made　in　the　United　States

almost　surpasses　belief。　It　is　said　that　the　output　for

home　consumption　alone　exceeds　twelve　millions　of

gallons　per　annum；　and　for　export　three　thousand　gallons

per　annum。



It　is　very　safe　to　affirm　that　less　than　1/50　of　1　per

cent　of　this　quantity　represents　a　tanno…gallate　of

iron　ink　WITHOUT　〃added〃　color。　Most　colored　inks

and　〃gall〃　ones　which　possess　〃added〃　color　if

placed　on　paper　under　ordinary　conditions　will　not

be　visible　a　hundred　years　hence。



This　statement　of　mine　might　be　considered　altogether

paradoxical　were　it　not　for　associated　evidential

facts；　which　by　proving　themselves　have　established

its　correctness　and　truth。　To　repeat　one　of　them　is

to　refer　to　the　report　of　Professors　Baird　and　Markoe；

who　examined　for　the　state　of　Massachusetts　all　the

commercial　inks　on　the　market　at　that　time。



〃As　a　conclusion；　since　the　great　mass　of　inks

on　the　market　are　not　suitable　for　records；　because

of　their　lack　of　body　and　because　of　the　quantity　of

unstable　color　which　they　contain；　and　because　the

few　whose　coloring　matters　are　not　objectionable

are　deficient　in　gall　and　iron　or　both；　we　would

strongly　recommend　that　the　State　set　its　own

standard　for　the　composition　of　inks　to　be　used　in

its　offices　and　for　its　records。〃



An　official　ink　modelled　somewhat　after　the　formula

employed　by　the　government　of　Great　Britain　was

contracted　for　by　the　state　of　Massachusetts。　It　read

as　follows：



　　　〃Take　of　pure；　dry　tannic　acid；　23。4　parts　by　weight。

　　　　　of　crystal　gallic　acid；　7。7　parts。

　　　　　of　ferrous　sulphate；　30。0　parts。

　　　　　of　gum　arabic；　10。0　parts。

　　　　　of　diluted　hydrochloric　acid；　25。0　parts。

　　　　　of　carbolic　acid；　1。0　part。

　　　　　of　water；　sufficient　to　make　up　the　mixture

　　　　　　　　　　at　the　temperature　of　60　degrees　F。

　　　　　　　　　　to　the　volume　of　1；000　parts　by

　　　　　　　　　　weight　of　water。〃



Such　an　ink　prepared　after　this　receipt　would　be　a

strictly　pure　tanno…gallate　of　iron　ink　WITHOUT　any

〃added〃　color　whatever。



The　estimation　in　which　such　an　ink　is　held　by　the

majority　of　the　ink　manufacturers　is　best　illustrated

by　quoting　from　two　of　the　most　prominent　ones；　and

thus　enable　the　reader　to　draw　his　own　conclusions。



〃We　do　not　make　a　tanno…gallate　of　iron　ink

without　added　color；　and　so　far　as　we　know；　there

is　no　such　ink　on　the　market；　as　it　would　be　practically

colorless　and　illegible。〃

　*　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*



〃There　is　no　such　ink　（a　tanno…gallate　of　iron　ink

without　added　color）　manufactured　by　any　ink…

maker　as　far　as　I　know。　It　is　obsolete。〃



The　commercial　names　bestowed　on　the　multitude

of　different　inks　placed　on　the　market　by　manufacturers

during　the　last　century　are　in　the　thousands。

A　few　of　them　are　cited　as　indicative　of　their　variety；

some　of　which　are　still　sold　under　these　names。



Kosmian　Safety　Fluid；　Bablah　Ink；　Universal　Jet

Black；　Treasury　Ledger　Fluid；　Everlasting　Black　Ink；

Raven…Black　Ink；　Nut…gall　Ink；　Pernambuco　Ink；　Blue

Post　Office　Ink；　Unchangeable　Black；　Document　Safety

Ink；　Birmingham　Copying　Ink；　Commercial　Writing

Fluid；　Germania　Ink；　Horticultural　Ink；　Exchequer

Ink；　Chesnut　Ink；　Carbon　Safety　Ink；　Vanadium　Ink；

Asiatic　Ink；　Terra…cotta　Ink；　Juglandin　Ink；　Persian

Copying；　Sambucin；　Chrome　Ink；　Sloe　Ink；　Steel　Pen

Ink；　Japanese　Ink；　English　Office　Ink；　Catechu　Ink；

Chinese　Blue　Ink；　Alizarin　Ink；　School　Ink；　Berlin

Ink；　Resin　Ink；　Water…glass　Ink；　Parisian　Ink；　Immutable

Ink；　Graphite　Ink；　Nigrilin　Ink；　Munich　Ink；

Electro…Chemical；　Egyptian　Black；　〃Koal〃　Black

Ink；　Ebony　Black　Ink；　Zulu　Black；　Cobalt　Black；

Maroon　Black；　Aeilyton　Copying；　Dichroic；　Congress

Record；　Registration；　〃Old　English；〃　etc。



The　list　of　over　200　names；　which　follow；　includes

those　of　manufacturers　of　the　best　known　foreign　and

domestic　〃black〃　inks　and　〃chemical　writing　fluids〃

in　use　during　the　past　century；　as　well　as　those

of　the　present　time。



Adriana

Allfield

Anderson

Antoine

Arnaudon

Arnold

Artus

Ballade

Ballande

Barnes

Bart

Bartram

Beaur

Behrens

Belmondi

Berzelius

Bizanger

Blackwood

Blair

Bolley

Bonney

Bossin

Boswell

Bottger

Boutenguy

Braconnot

Brande

Bufeu

Bufton

Bure

Carter

Caw

Cellier

Champion

Chaptal

Chevallier

Clarke

Close

Cochrane

Collin

Cooke

Coupier　and　Collins

Coxe

Crock

Cross

Darcet

Davids

Davis

Delunel

Delarve

Delang

Derheims

Dize

Draper

Druck

Duhalde

Dumas

Dumovlen

Dunand

Dunlap

Ellis

Eisner

Faber

Faucher

Faux

Featherstone

Fesneau

Fontenelle

Ford

Fourmentin

Freeman

Fuchs

Gaffard

Gastaldi

Geissler

Geoffroy

Gebel

Goold

Goupeir

Grasse

Green

Guesneville

Gullier

Guyon

Guyot

Haenles

Hager

Haldat

Hanle

Hare

Harrison

Hausman

Heeren

Henry

Herepath

Hevrant

Higgins

Hogy

Hunt

Hyde

Jahn

James

Joy

Karmarsch

Kasleteyer

Kindt

Klaproth

Kloen

Knaffl

Knecht

Lanaux

Lanet

Larenaudiere

Lemancy

Lenormand

Leonhardi

Lewis

Ley　Kauf

Link

Lipowitz

Lorme

Luhring

Lyons

MacCullogh

Mackensic

Mathieu

Maurin

Maynard　and　Noyes

Melville

Mendes

Meremee

Merget

Minet

Moller

Moore

Mordan

Moser

Morrell

Mozard

Murray

Nash

Nissen

Ohme

Ott

Paul

Payen

Perry

Peltz

Petibeau

Platzer

Plissey

Pomeroy

Poncelet

Prollius

Proust

Pusher

Rapp

Reade

Redwood

Reid

Remigi

Reinmann

Rheinfeld

Ribaucourt

Ricker

Roder

Ruhr

Runge

Sanford

Schaffgotoch

Schleckum

Schmidt

Schoffern

Scott

Seldrake

Selmi

Simon

Souberin

Souirssean

Stafford

Stark

Stein

Stephens

Stevens

Syuckerbuyk

Swan

Tabuy

Tarling

Thacker

Thomas

Thumann

Todd

Tomkins

Trialle

Triest

Trommsdorff

Underwood

Vallet

Van　Moos

Vogel

Wagner

Walkden

Wallach

Waterlous

Windsor　and　Newton

Winternitz

Woodmansee

Worthington









CHAPTER　XXIII。



CHEMICO…LEGAL　INK。



ESTIMATED　VALUE　OF　SCIENTIFIC　EVIDENCE　AS　HELD　BY

THE　COURT　OF　APPEALSNOW　BEYOND　THE　PURVIEW　OF

CRITICISMVERDICTS　IN　THE　TRIALS　OF　CAUSES　AFFECTED

BY　SUCH　EVIDENCELENGTH　OF　TIME　NECESSARY

TO　OVERCOME　PREJUDICE　AND　IGNORANCE

WHERE　OBJECTIONS　TO　SUCH　EVIDENCE　EMANATE

SOME　OBSERVATIONS　ABOUT　SUCH　EVIDENCE　GENERALLY

WHEN　PRECEDENT　WAS　MADE　TO　CHEMICALLY

EXAMINE　A　COURT　EXHIBIT　BEFORE　TRIALTHE

CONTROVERSY　IN　WHICH　JUDGE　RANSOM　MADE　THIS　NEW

DEPARTURECITATION　OF　THE　CASE　AND　ITS　OUTCOME

DECISION　IN　THE　GORDON　WILL　CASE　OBTAINED

BY　THE　SCIENTIFIC　EVIDENCECOMPLETE　STORY

ABOUT　ITHISTORY　OF　THE　DIMON　WILL　CASE　AND

HOW　CHEMISTRY　MADE　IT　POSSIBLE　TO　CONSIDER

ITOPINION　OF　JUDGE　INGRAHAMPEOPLE　OF　THE

STATE　OF　NEW　YORK　V。　CODYTHE　ATTEMPT　TO　PROVE

AN　ALLEGED　〃GOULD〃　BIRTH　CERTIFICATE　GENUINE；

FRUSTRATED　BY　CHEMICAL　EVIDENCETHE　DEFENDANT

CONVICTEDTHE　PEOPLE　V。　KELLAMCHEMICAL

EVIDENCE　MAKES　THE　TRUTH　KNOWNTHE　HOLT

WILL　CASE　AND　THE　EVIDENCE　WHICH　AFFECTED　ITS

RESULTTHE　TIGHE　WILL　CASEOPINION　OF　JUDGE

FITZGERALD。



〃The　administration　of　justice　profits　by　the

progress　of　science；　and　its　history　shows　it　to

have　been　almost　the　earliest　in　antagonism　to

popular　delusion　and　superstition。　The　revelations

of　the　microscope　are　constantly　resorted　to　in

protection　of　individual　and　public　interests。　。　。　。

If　they　are　relied　upon　as　agencies　for　accurate

mathematical　results　in　mensuration　and　astronomy；

there　is　no　reason　why　they　should　be　deemed

unreliable　in　matters　of　evidence。　Wherever　what

they　disclose　can　aid　or　elucidate　the　just　determination

of　legal　controversies　there　can　be　no　well…

founded　objection　to　resorting　to　them。〃　Frank

v。　Chemical　Nat。　Bank；　37　Superior　Court　（J。　&

S。）　34；　affirmed　in　Court　of　Appeals；　84　N。　Y。

209。



THIS　decision　by　a　final　court　of　adjudicature；　expresses

in　no　uncertain　terms　the　now　generally　estimated

value　of　evidence　which　science　may　reveal。

The　importance　which　that　branch　of　it　denominated

〃Chemico…legal　ink〃　has　attained　and　its　utilization

in　many　trials　of　causes　both　civil　as　well　as　criminal；

places　it　beyond　the　purview　of　criticism　or　objection。

With　the　introduction　of　a　new　class　of　inks　in　the

last　two　decades；　its　scope　has　been　much　broadened。



Innumerable　verdicts　by　juries　wherever　the　system

prevails；　all　over　the　world；　the　opinions　of　learned

judges；　whether　presiding　during　a　jury　trial　or　sitting

alone；　more　or　less　affected　by　this　character　of　evidence；

presents　fairly　the　trend　of　the　views　of　the

public　mind　respecting　it。



Constant　experiment　and　successful　demonstrations；