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forty centuries of ink-第33章

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fulfilled。 Messrs。 Perkins and Church have obtained

several blue coloring substances from the

alkaloids of coal tar; and one from naphthalene。'

Also that himself and Mr。 Charles Lowe had succeeded

in obtaining coal tar products yielding colors

of a beautiful pink; red; violet; purple; and

chocolate。 (These were not soluble in water)。〃

 *   *    *    *    *    *    *    *



〃Among vegetable substances useful in the arts

is one that has long been known in New Grenada

under the name of the ink…plant; as furnishing a

juice which can be used in writing without previous

preparation。 Characters traced with this substance

have a reddish color at first; which turns to a deep

black in a few hours。 This juice is said to be

really less liable to thicken than ordinary ink; and

not to corrode steel pens。 It resists the action of

water; and is practically indelible。 The plant is

known as coryaria thymifolia。〃

 *   *    *    *    *    *    *    *



〃Desormeaux recommends that the sulphate of

iron be calcined to whiteness; coarse brown sugar

instead of sugar candy; 1/4 oz。 acetate of copper;

instead of one ounce of the sulphate; and a drop

or two of creosote or essential oil of cloves to prevent

moulding。〃 (See Ribaucourt receipt; p。 194。)

 *   *    *    *    *    *    *    *



〃Mr。 John Spiller communicated to the London

Chemical News (1861) a paper on the employment

of carbon as a means of permanent record。 The

imperishable nature of carbon; in its various forms

of lamp…black; ivory…black; wood…charcoal; and

graphite or black lead; holds out much greater

promise of being usefully employed in the manufacture

of a permanent writing material; since; for

this substance; in its elementary condition and at

ordinary temperatures; there exists no solvent nor

chemical reagent capable of affecting its alteration。



〃The suggestion relative to the mode of applying

carbon to these purposes; which it is intended

more particularly now to enunciate; depends on

the fact of the separation of carbon from organic

compounds rich in that element; sugar; gum; etc。;

by the combined operation of heat and of chemical

reagents; such as sulphuric and phosphoric acids;

which exert a decomposing action in the same

direction; and by such means to effect the deposition

of the carbon within the pores of the

paper by a process of development to be performed

after the fluid writing ink has been to a certain

extent absorbed into its substancea system of

formation by which a considerable amount of resistance;

both to chemical and external influences;

appears to be secured。 An ink of the following

composition has been made the subject of experiment:

     〃Concentrated sulphuric acid;

     deeply colored with indigo 。。。。。。。。。。 1 fluid ounce。

     Water; 。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 6   〃    〃

     Loaf Sugar;。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 1 ounce; troy。

     Strong mucilage of gum…arabic

                    2 to 3 fluid ounces。



〃Writing traced with a quill or gold pen dipped

in this ink dries to a pale blue color; but if now a

heated iron be passed over its surface; or the page

of manuscript be held near a fire; the writing will

quickly assume a jet black appearance; resulting

from the carbonization of the sugar by a warm

acid; and will have become so firmly engrafted

into the substance of the paper as to oppose considerable

difficulty to its removal or erasure by a

knife。 On account of the depth to which the

written characters usually penetrate; the sheets of

paper selected for use should be of the thickest

make; and good white cartridge paper; or that

known as 'cream laid;' preferred to such as are

colored blue with ultramarine; for; in the latter

case; a bleached halo is frequently perceptible

around the outlines of the letters; indicating the

partial destruction of the coloring matter by the

lateral action of the acid。



〃The writing produced in this manner seems indelible;

it resists the action of 〃salts of lemon;〃

and of oxalic; tartaric; and diluted hydrochloric

acids; agents which render nearly illegible the traces

of ordinary black writing ink; neither do alkaline

solutions exert any appreciable action on the carbon

ink。 This material possesses; therefore; many

advantageous qualities which would recommend its

adoption in cases where the question of permanence

is of paramount importance。 But it must; on the

other hand; be allowed that such an ink; in its

present form; would but inefficiently fulfil many of

the requirements necessary to bring it into common

use。 The peculiar method of development rendering

the application of heat imperative; and that of

a temperature somewhat above the boiling point of

water; together with the circumstance that it will

be found impossible with a thin sheet of paper to

write on both sides; must certainly be counted

among its more prominent disadvantages。〃

 *   *    *    *    *    *    *    *



〃Fire…proof ink for writing or printing on

incombustible paper is made according to the following

recipe: Graphite; finely ground; 22 drams;

copal or other resinous gum; 12 grains; sulphate

of iron; 2 drams; tincture of nutgalls; 2 drams;

and sulphate of indigo; 8 drams。 These substances

are thoroughly mixed and boiled in water;

and the ink thus obtained is said to be both fire…

proof and insoluble in water。 When any other

color but black is desired; the graphite is replaced

by an earthly mineral pigment of the desired color。〃

 *   *    *    *    *    *    *    *



〃Ineradicable Writing。A French technical

paper; specially devoted to the art and science of

paper manufacture; states that any alterations or

falsifications of writings in ordinary ink maybe rendered

impossible by passing the paper upon which

it is intended to write through a solution of one milligram

(0。01543 English grain) of gallic acid in as

much pure distilled water as will fill to a moderate

depth an ordinary soup…plate。 After the paper thus

prepared has become thoroughly dry; it may be

used as ordinary paper for writing; but any attempt

made to alter; falsify; or change anything written

thereon; will be left perfectly visible; and may thus

be readily detected。〃

 *   *    *    *    *    *    *    *



〃Exchequer Ink。To 40 pounds of galls; add

10 pounds of gum; 9 pounds of copperas; and 45

gallons of soft water。 This ink will endure for

centuries。〃

 *   *    *    *    *    *    *    *



〃Take of oil of lavender; 120 grains; of copal

in powder; 17 grains; red sulphuret of mercury; 60

grains。 The oil of lavender being dissipated with

a gentle heat; a colour will be left on the paper

surrounded with the copal; a substance insoluble

in water; spirits; acids; or alkaline solutions。



〃This composition possesses a permanent colour;

and a MSS。 written with it; may be exposed to the

process commonly used for restoring the colour of

printed books; without injury to the writing。 In

this manner interpolations with common ink may

be removed。〃

 *   *    *    *    *    *    *    *



Boil parchment slips or cuttings of glove

leather; in water till it forms a size; which; when

cool; becomes of the consistence of jelly; then;

having blackened an earthern plate; by holding it

over the flame of a candle; mix up with a camel

hair pencil; the fine lamp…black thus obtained; with

some of the above size; while the plate is still

warm。 This black requires no grinding; and produces

an ink of the same colour; which works as

fregy with the pencil; and is as perfectly

transparent as the best Indian ink。〃

 *   *    *    *    *    *    *    *



〃Instead of water use brandy; with the same

ingredients which enter into the composition of

any ink; and it will never freeze。〃

 *   *    *    *    *    *    *    *



〃Bacteria in InkAccording to experiments

which have recently been completed at Berlin and

Leipzig by the leading bacteriologists of Germany

the ordinary inks literally teem with bacilla of a

dangerous character; the bacteria taken therefrom

sufficing to kill mice and rabbits inoculated therewith

in the space of from one to three days。〃

 *   *    *    *    *    *    *    *



〃The most easy and neat method of forming

letters of gold on paper; and for ornaments of

writing is; by the gold ammoniac; as it was formerly

called: the method of managing which is as

follows:



〃Take gum ammoniacum; and powder it; and

then dissolve it in water previously impregnated

with a little gum arabic; and some juice of garlic。

The gum ammoniacum will not dissolve in water;

so as to form a transparent fluid; but produces a

milky appearance; from whence the mixture is

called in medicine the lac ammoniacum。 With the

lac ammoniacum thus prepared; draw with a pencil;

or write with a pen on paper; or vellum; the

intended figure or letters of the gilding。 Suffer the

paper to dry; and then; or any time afterwards;

breath on it till it be moistened; and immediately

lay leaves of gold; or parts of leaves cut in the

most advantageous manner to save the gold; over

the parts drawn or written upon with the lac

ammoniacum; and press them gently to the paper

with a ball of cotton or soft leather。 When the

paper becomes dry; which a short time or gentle

heat will soon effect; brush off; with a soft pencil;

or rub off by a fine linen rag; the redundant gold

which covered the parts between the lines of the

drawing or writing; and the finest hair strokes of

the pencil or pen; as well as the broader; will appear

perfectly gilt。〃



It is usual to see in old manuscripts; that are highly

ornamented; letters of gold which rise considerably

from the surface of the paper or parchment containing

them in the manner of embossed work; and of these

some are less shining; and others have a very high

polish。 The method of producing these letters is of

two kinds; the one by friction on a proper body with

a solid piece of gold: the other by leaf gold。 The

method of making these letters by means of solid gold

is as follows:



〃Take chrystal; and reduce it to powder。 Temper

it then with strong gum water; till it be of the

consistence of paste; and with this form the letters;

and; when they are dry; rub them with a

piece of gold of good colour; as in the manner of

polishing; and the letters will appear as if gilt with

burnisht gold。〃



(Kunckel; in his fifty curious experiments; has given

this receipt; but omitted to take the least notice of

the manner these letters are to be formed; though

the most difficult circumstance in the production of

them。)









CHAPTER XXII。



INK INDUSTRY。



IMPORTANCE OF HONEST INK MANUFACTUREABSENCE

OF INFORMATION AS TO NAMES OF MOST ANCIENT INK

MAKERS;WHERE TO LOOK FOR ANCIENT INKTHEIR

PHENOMENAL IDENTITYINK AND PAPER AS ASIATIC

INVENTIONS

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