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alexandria and her schools(冉煽表寄才慢議僥丕)-及14嫗

弌傍�� alexandria and her schools(冉煽表寄才慢議僥丕) 忖方�� 耽匈3500忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




probability that it is not a mere dream�察�but may be a right and true instinct 

of   the   human   mind。     I   mean   the   belief   that   the   things   which   we   see 

nature and all her phenomena are temporal�察�and born only to die�察�mere 

shadows   of   some   unseen   realities�察  �from   whom   their   laws   and   life   are 

derived�察�while the eternal things which subsist without growth�察�decay�察�or 

change�察�the only real�察�only truly existing things�察�in short�察�are certain things 

which      are   not   seen�察   �inappreciable      by    sense�察  �or   understanding�察      �or 

imagination�察�perceived only by the conscience and the reason。                     And that�察�

again�察�the problem of philosophy�察�the highest good for man�察�that for the 

sake    of   which    death   were    a  gain�察  �without    which    life  is  worthless�察   �a 

drudgery�察  �a   degradation�察  �a   failure�察  �and   a   ruin�察  �is   to   discover   what   those 

unseen eternal things are�察�to know them�察�possess them�察�be in harmony with 

them�察�and thereby alone to rise to any real and solid power�察�or safety�察�or 

nobleness。      It is a strange dream。         But you will see that it is one which 



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does    not   bear   much     upon    ;points   of  controversy�察─     �any   more    than   on 

;Locke's philosophy�察─�nevertheless�察�when we find this same strange dream 

arising�察  �apparently   without   intercommunion   of   thought�察  �among   the   old 

Hindoos�察�among the Greeks�察�among the Jews�察�and lastly�察�when we see it 

springing   again   in   the   Middle Age�察  �in   the   mind   of   the   almost   forgotten 

author   of   the   ;Deutsche   Theologie�察─  �and   so   becoming   the   parent�察         �not 

merely of Luther's deepest belief�察�or of the German mystic schools of the 

seventeenth and eighteenth centuries�察�but of the great German Philosophy 

itself as developed by Kant�察�and Fichte�察�and Schelling�察�and Hegel�察�we must 

at least confess it to be a popular delusion�察�if nothing better�察�vast enough 

and common enough to be worth a little patient investigation�察�wheresoever 

we may find it stirring the human mind。 

     But   I   have   hope�察  �still�察  �that   I   may  find   sympathy  and   comprehension 

among some�察�at least�察�of my audience�察�as I proceed to examine the ancient 

realist schools of Alexandria�察�on account of their knowledge of the modern 

realist   schools   of   Germany。      For   I   cannot   but   see�察  �that   a   revulsion   is 

taking place in the thoughts of our nation upon metaphysic subjects�察�and 

that Scotland�察�as usual�察�is taking the lead therein。               That most illustrious 

Scotchman�察       �Mr。   Thomas      Carlyle�察    �first  vindicated     the   great   German 

Realists     from    the  vulgar    misconceptions        about   them    which     were    so 

common        at  the  beginning     of   this  century�察   �and   brought    the   minds    of 

studious men to a more just appreciation of the philosophic severity�察�the 

moral grandeur�察�of such thinkers as Emmanuel Kant�察�and Gottlieb Fichte。 

To   another   Scotch   gentleman�察  �who�察  �I   believe�察  �has   honoured   me   by   his 

presence   here   to´night�察  �we   owe   most   valuable   translations   of   some   of 

Fichte's works�察�to be followed�察�I trust�察�by more。             And though�察�as a humble 

disciple   of   Bacon�察  �I   cannot   but   think   that   the   method   both   of   Kant   and 

Fichte possesses somewhat of the same inherent defect as the method of 

the Neoplatonist school�察�yet I should be most unfair did I not express my 

deep obligations to them�察�and advise all those to study them carefully�察�who 

wish to gain a clear conception either of the old Alexandrian schools�察�or of 

those   intellectual   movements   which   are   agitating   the   modern   mind�察  �and 

which will�察�I doubt not�察�issue in a clearer light�察�and in a nobler life�察�if not 

for us�察�yet still for our children's children for ever。 



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     The   name   of   Philo   the   Jew   is   now   all   but   forgotten   among   us。   He 

was   laughed   out   of   sight   during   the   last   century�察  �as   a   dreamer   and   an 

allegorist�察 �who   tried   eclectically  to   patch   together   Plato   and Moses。 The 

present age�察�however�察�is rapidly beginning to suspect that all who thought 

before the eighteenth century were not altogether either fools or impostors�察�

old wisdom is obtaining a fairer hearing day by day�察�and is found not to be 

so contradictory to new wisdom as was supposed。                    We are beginning�察�too�察�

to be more inclined to justify Providence�察�by believing that lies are by their 

very  nature   impotent   and   doomed   to   die�察�that   everything   which   has   had 

any great or permanent influence on the human mind�察�must have in it some 

germ of eternal truth�察�and setting ourselves to separate that germ of truth 

from   the   mistakes   which   may   have         distorted   and   overlaid   it。    Let    us 

believe�察�or at least hope�察�the same for a few minutes�察�of Philo�察�and try to 

find out what was the secret of his power�察�what the secret of his weakness。 

     First�此   �I   cannot    think   that   he   had   to  treat  his   own    sacred    books 

unfairly�察  �to   make   them   agree   with   the   root´idea   of   Socrates   and   Plato。 

Socrates   and   Plato   acknowledged   a   Divine   teacher   of   the   human   spirit�察�

that was the ground of their philosophy。              So did the literature of the Jews。 

Socrates and Plato�察�with all the Greek sages till the Sophistic era�察�held that 

the object of philosophy was the search after that which truly exists�此                    �that 

he   who   found   that�察  �found   wisdom�此       �Philo's   books   taught   him   the   same 

truth�此   �but   they   taught   him   also�察  �that   the   search    for   wisdom   was   not 

merely the search for that which is�察�but for Him who is�察�not for a thing�察�but 

for a person。       I do not mean that Plato and the elder Greeks had not that 

object also in view�察�for I have said already that Theology was with them 

the ultimate object of all metaphysic science�此              �but I do think that they saw 

it   infinitely   less   clearly   than   the   old   Jewish   sages。   Those   sages   were 

utterly   unable   to   conceive   of   an   absolute   truth�察  �except   as   residing   in   an 

absolutely true person�察�of absolute wisdom�察�except in an absolutely wise 

person�察�of an absolute order and law�察�except in a lawgiver�察�of an absolute 

good�察�except in an absolutely good person�此                �any more than either they or 

we can conceive of an absolute love�察�except in an absolutely loving person。 

I say boldly�察�that I think them right�察�on all grounds of Baconian induction。 

For all these qualities are only known to us as exhibited in persons�察�and if 



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we   believe   them  to   have   any  absolute and   eternal   existence   at   all�察  �to   be 

objective�察     �and   independent       of   us�察  �and   the   momentary        moods     and 

sentiments of our own mind�察�they must exist in some absolute and eternal 

person�察  �or    they   are   mere   notions�察   �abstractions�察  �words�察    �which    have    no 

counterparts。 

     But here arose a puzzle in the mind of Philo�察�as it in reality had�察�we 

may see�察�in the minds of Socrates and Plato。               How could he reconcile the 

idea of that absolute and eternal one Being�察�that Zeus�察�Father of Gods and 

men�察�self´perfect�察�self´contained�察�without change or motion�察�in whom�察�as a 

Jew�察�he believed even more firmly than the Platonists�察�with the Daemon of 

Socrates�察  �the   Divine Teacher   whom   both   Plato   and   Solomon   confessed�拭�

Or how�察�again�察�could he reconcile the idea of Him with the creative and 

providential   energy�察  �working   in   space   and   time�察  �working   on   matter�察  �and 

apparently affected and limited�察�if not baffled�察�by the imperfection of the 

minds     which     he  taught�察   �by   the  imperfection      of  the   matter    which    he 

moulded�拭       �This�察�as all students of philosophy must know�察�was one of the 

great puzzles of old Greek philosophy�察�as long as it was earnest and cared 

to   have   any   puzzles   at   all�此�it   has   been�察  �since   the   days   of   Spinoza�察  �the 

great puzzle of all earnest modern philosophers。 Philo offered a solution in 

that   idea   of   a   Logos�察  �or   Word   of   God�察  �Divinity  articulate�察  �speaking   and 

acting in time and space�察�and therefore by successive acts�察�and so doing�察�in 

time and space�察�the will of the timeless and spaceless Father�察�the Abysmal 

and Eternal Being�察�of whom he was the perfect likeness。                     In calling this 

person   the   Logos�察  �and   making   him   the   source   of   all   human   reason�察  �and 

knowledge of eternal laws�察�he only translated from Hebrew into Greek the 

name which he found in his sacred books�察 �The Word of God。;                          As yet 

we    have    found    no  unfair   allegorising     of  Moses�察    �or  twisting   of   Plato。 

How then has he incurred this accusation�拭�

     I   cannot   think�察  �again�察  �that   he   was   unfair   in   supposing   that   he   might 

hold   at   the   same   time   the   Jewish   belief   concerning   Creation�察  �and   the 

Platonic doctrine of the real existence of Archetypal ideas�察�both of moral 

and of physical phenomena。             I do not mean that such a conception was 

present consciously to the mind of the old Jews�察�as it was most certainly to 

the mind of St。 Paul�察�a practised Platonic dialectician�察�but it seems to me�察�



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as to Philo�察�to be a fair�察�perhaps a necessary�察�corollary from the Genetic 

Philosophy�察�both of Moses and of Solomon。 

     But    in  one   thing   he   was   unfair�察  �namely�察   �in  his   allegorising。    But 

unfair to whom�拭        �To Socrates and Plato�察�I believe�察�as much as to Moses 

and to   Samuel。       For  what   is   the  part of   the  old   Jewish books   which   he 

evaporates away into mere   mystic symbols of the private experiences of 

the devout philosopher�拭         �Its practical everyday histories�察�which deal with 

the common human facts of family and national life�察�of man's outward and 

physical   labour   and   craft。     These   to   him   have   no   meaning�察  �except   an 

allegoric one。      But has he thrown them away for the sake of getting a step 

nearer to S

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