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misc writings and speeches(致帽針傍嚥亟)-及30嫗

弌傍�� misc writings and speeches(致帽針傍嚥亟) 忖方�� 耽匈3500忖

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of Thucydides。 

     It   is   scarcely   necessary   to   say   that   such   speeches   could   never   have 

been delivered。        They are perhaps among the most difficult passages in 

the    Greek     language�察    �and   would     probably     have    been    scarcely    more 

intelligible     to  an   Athenian     auditor    than   to  a   modern     reader。    Their 

obscurity   was   acknowledged   by   Cicero�察  �who   was   as   intimate   with   the 

literature and language of Greece as the most accomplished of its natives�察�

and who seems to have held a respectable rank among the Greek authors。 

Their   difficulty   to   a   modern   reader   lies�察  �not   in   the   words�察  �but   in  the 

reasoning。      A dictionary is of far less use in studying them than a clear 

head     and   a  close   attention   to  the   context。    They     are   valuable    to  the 

scholar as displaying�察�beyond almost any other compositions�察�the powers 

of   the   finest   of  languages�此     �they    are   valuable    to  the   philosopher     as 

illustrating    the   morals    and   manners      of  a  most    interesting    age�此   �they 

abound in just thought and energetic expression。                 But they do not enable 

us to form any accurate opinion on the merits of the early Greek orators。 

     Though it cannot be doubted that�察�before the Persian wars�察�Athens had 

produced eminent speakers�察�yet the period during which eloquence most 

flourished among her citizens was by no means that of her greatest power 

and glory。      It commenced at the close of the Peloponnesian war。                  In fact�察�

the steps by which Athenian oratory approached to its finished excellence 

seem   to    have    been   almost    contemporaneous   with         those   by   which    the 

Athenian character and the Athenian empire sunk to degradation。                       At the 

time     when    the   little  commonwealth          achieved     those   victories    which 

twenty´ five eventful centuries have left unequalled�察�eloquence was in its 

infancy。     The deliverers of Greece became its plunderers and oppressors。 

Unmeasured exaction�察�atrocious vengeance�察�the madness of the multitude�察�

the   tyranny   of   the   great�察  �filled   the   Cyclades   with   tears�察  �and   blood�察  �and 

mourning。       The sword   unpeopled   whole islands   in   a  day。           The   plough 



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passed over the ruins of famous cities。             The imperial republic sent forth 

her children by thousands to pine in the quarries of Syracuse�察�or to feed 

the vultures of Aegospotami。            She was at length reduced by famine and 

slaughter to humble herself before her enemies�察�and to purchase existence 

by the sacrifice of her empire and her laws。 During these disastrous and 

gloomy      years�察  �oratory    was   advancing      towards    its  highest    excellence。 

And it was when the moral�察�the political�察�and the military character of the 

people     was    most    utterly   degraded�察     �it  was   when     the   viceroy    of   a 

Macedonian        sovereign    gave    law   to  Greece�察   �that  the  courts   of   Athens 

witnessed the most splendid contest of eloquence that the world has ever 

known。 

     The   causes   of   this   phenomenon   it   is   not�察  �I   think�察  �difficult   to   assign。 

The division of labour operates on the productions of the orator as it does 

on   those    of   the  mechanic。     It  was   remarked      by   the   ancients  that  the 

Pentathlete�察 �who divided his   attention between several   exercises�察  �though 

he could not vie with a boxer in the use of the cestus�察�or with one who had 

confined his attention to running in the contest of the stadium�察�yet enjoyed 

far greater general vigour and health than either。              It is the same with the 

mind。     The superiority in technical skill is often more than compensated 

by the inferiority in general intelligence。 And this is peculiarly the case in 

politics。    States have always been best governed by men who have taken 

a wide view of public affairs�察�and who have rather a general acquaintance 

with   many   sciences   than   a   perfect   mastery   of   one。     The   union   of   the 

political and military departments in Greece contributed not a little to the 

splendour of its early history。        After their separation more skilful generals 

and greater speakers   appeared�察  �but   the   breed of statesmen   dwindled and 

became      almost    extinct。  Themistocles      or   Pericles   would    have    been   no 

match   for   Demosthenes   in   the   assembly�察  �or   for   Iphicrates   in   the   field。 

But surely they were incomparably better fitted than either for the supreme 

direction of affairs。 

     There is indeed a remarkable coincidence between the progress of the 

art   of   war�察  �and   that   of   the   art   of   oratory�察  �among   the   Greeks。  They   both 

advanced to perfection by contemporaneous steps�察�and from similar causes。 

The early speakers�察�like the early warriors of Greece�察�were merely a militia。 



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It   was   found     that  in  both    employments        practice   and    discipline    gave 

superiority。      ��It   has   often   occurred     to  me�察   �that  to  the   circumstances 

mentioned in the text is to be referred one of the most remarkable events 

in    Grecian     history�察   �I   mean     the   silent   but    rapid   downfall      of   the 

Lacedaemonian power。             Soon after the termination of the Peloponnesian 

war�察�the strength of Lacedaemon began to decline。 Its military discipline�察�

its   social   institutions�察  �were   the   same。 Agesilaus�察  �during   whose   reign   the 

change   took   place�察  �was   the   ablest   of   its   kings。  Yet   the   Spartan   armies 

were     frequently    defeated     in  pitched    battles��an    occurrence     considered 

impossible      in   the  earlier   ages   of  Greece。     They      are  allowed     to  have 

fought most bravely�察�yet they were no longer attended by the success to 

which      they   had    formerly     been    accustomed。        No     solution     of  these 

circumstances   is   offered�察  �as   far   as   I   know�察  �by  any  ancient   author。    The 

real cause�察�I conceive�察�was this。           The Lacedaemonians�察�alone among the 

Greeks�察�formed a permanent standing army。                   While the citizens of other 

commonwealths           were    engaged     in  agriculture     and   trade�察  �they   had    no 

employment whatever but the study of military discipline。                    Hence�察�during 

the   Persian   and   Peloponnesian   wars�察  �they   had   that   advantage   over   their 

neighbours       which     regular    troops    always     possess     over    militia。   This 

advantage they lost�察�when other states began�察�at a later period�察�to employ 

mercenary forces�察�who were probably as superior to them in the art of war 

as   they   had   hitherto   been   to   their   antagonists。��    Each   pursuit   therefore 

became first an art�察�and then a trade。             In proportion as the professors of 

each     became     more     expert   in   their  particular    craft�察 �they    became     less 

respectable   in   their   general   character。      Their   skill   had   been   obtained   at 

too great expense to be employed only from disinterested views。                         Thus�察�

the soldiers forgot that they were citizens�察�and the orators that they were 

statesmen。         I   know      not    to   what    Demosthenes         and    his    famous 

contemporaries   can   be   so   justly   compared   as   to   those   mercenary   troops 

who�察  �in   their   time�察  �overran   Greece�察  �or   those   who�察  �from   similar   causes�察�

were   some   centuries   ago   the   scourge   of   the   Italian   republics��perfectly 

acquainted   with   every   part   of   their   profession�察  �irresistible   in   the   field�察�

powerful      to   defend     or  to   destroy�察   �but   defending     without     love�察  �and 

destroying      without     hatred。    We     may    despise     the  characters     of  these 



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political   Condottieri�察  �but   is   impossible   to   examine   the   system   of   their 

tactics without being amazed at its perfection。 

     I   had    intended     to  proceed     to   this  examination�察      �and    to  consider 

separately   the   remains   of   Lysias�察  �of Aeschines�察  �of   Demosthenes�察  �and   of 

Isocrates�察�who�察�though strictly speaking he was rather a pamphleteer than 

an   orator�察  �deserves�察  �on   many   accounts�察  �a   place   in   such   a   disquisition。 

The length of my prolegomena   and digressions compels me to   postpone 

this   part   of   the   subject   to   another   occasion。  A  Magazine   is   certainly   a 

delightful     invention     for  a   very   idle  or   a  very   busy    man。     He    is  not 

compelled   to   complete   his   plan   or   to   adhere   to   his   subject。      He   may 

ramble as far as he is inclined�察�and stop as soon as he is tired。                     No one 

takes the trouble to recollect his contradictory opinions or his unredeemed 

pledges。      He may be as superficial�察�as inconsistent�察�and as careless as he 

chooses。      Magazines resemble those little angels�察�who�察�according to   the 

pretty   Rabbinical   tradition�察  �are   generated   every   morning   by   the   brook 

which     rolls   over   the   flowers    of  Paradise��whose        life  is  a  song��who 

warble   till   sunset�察  �and   then   sink   back   without   regret   into   nothingness。 

Such spirits have nothing to do with the detecting spear of Ithuriel or the 

victorious   sword   of   Michael。        It   is   enough   for   them   to   please   and   be 

forgotten。 

     。。。 

       A   PROPHETIC           ACCOUNT          OF    A   GRAND         NATIONAL          EPIC 

POEM�察  �TO   BE   ENTITLED   ;THE   WELLINGTONIAD�察─  �AND   TO   BE 

PUBLISHED A。D。 2824。 

     ��November 1824。�� 

     How I became a prophet it is not very important to the reader to know。 

Nevertheless   I   feel   all   the   anxiety   which�察  �under   similar   circumstances�察�

troubled     the   sensitive    mind    of  Sidrophel�察    �and�察  �like   him�察  �am    eager   to 

vindicate myself from the suspicion of having practised forbidden arts�察�or 

held    intercourse     with    beings    of   another    world。     I   solemnly      declare�察�

therefore�察�that I never saw a ghost�察�like Lord Lyttleton�察�co

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