decline of science in england-第17章
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； and the philosopher be destitute of tools for his inventions？ Had he been； as； from the rank he held in science； he certainly would have been in other kingdoms； rich in the honours his country could bestow； and receiving from her a reward in some measure commensurate with his deserts；then； indeed； there might have been reason for that reproach； but I am convinced that； in such circumstances； the philosopher would have balanced； with no 〃niggard〃 hand； the claims of his country； and would have given to it； unreservedly； the produce of his powerful mind。
SECTION 9。
OF THE FAIRCHILD LECTURE。
Mr。 Fairchild left by will twenty…five pounds to the Royal Society。 This was increased by several subscriptions； and 100L。 3 per cent。 South Sea Annuities was purchased； the interest of which was to be devoted annually to pay for a sermon to be preached at St。Leonard's； Shoreditch。
Few members of the Society； perhaps； are aware； either of the bequest or of its annual payment。 I shall merely observe； that for five years； from 1800 to 1804； it was regularly given to Mr。 Ascough； and that for twenty…six years past； it has been as regularly given to the Rev。 Mr。 Ellis。
The annual amount is too trifling to stimulate to any extraordinary exertions； yet； small as it is； it might； if properly applied； be productive of much advantage to religion； and of great honour to the Society。 For this purpose； it would be desirable that it should be delivered at some church or chapel； more likely to he attended by members of the Royal Society。 Notice of it should be given at the place of worship appointed； at least a week previous to its delivery； and at the two preceding weekly meetings of the Royal Society。 The name of the gentleman nominated for that year； and the church at which the sermon is to be preached； should be stated。
With this publicity attending it； and by a judicious selection of the first two or three gentlemen appointed to deliver it； it would soon be esteemed an honour to be invited to compose such a lecture； and the Society might always find in its numerous list of members or aspirants； persons well qualified to fulfil a task as beneficial for the promotion of true religion； as it ever must be for the interest of science。 I am tempted to believe that such a course would call forth exertions of the most valuable character； as well as give additional circulation to what is already done on that subject。
The geological speculations which have been adduced； perhaps with too much haste by some； as according with the Mosaic history； and by others； as inconsistent with its truth； would； if this subject had been attentively considered； have been allowed to remain until the fullest and freest inquiry had irrevocably fixed their claim to the character of indisputable facts。 But； I will not press this subject further on my reader's attention； lest he should think I am myself delivering the lecture。 All that I could have said on this point has been so much more ably stated by one whose enlightened view of geological science has taken away some difficulties from its cultivators； and； I hope； removed a stumbling…block from many respectable individuals； that I should only weaken by adding to the argument。 ＇I allude to the critique of Dr。 Ure's Geology in the British Review； for July； 1829； an Essay； equally worthy of a philosopher and a Christian。＇
SECTION 10。
OF THE CROONIAN LECTURE。
The payment ＇Three pounds。＇ for this Lecture； like that of the preceding； is small。 It was instituted by Dr。 Croone； for an annual essay on the subject of Muscular Motion。 It is a little to be regretted； that it should have been so restricted； and perhaps its founder； had he foreseen the routine into which it has dwindled； might have endeavoured to preserve it； by affording it a wider range。
By giving it to a variety of individuals； competition might have been created； and many young anatomists have been induced to direct their attention to the favourite inquiry of the founder of the Lecture； but from causes which need not here be traced； this has not been the customone individual has monopolized it year after year； and it seems； like the Fairchild Lecture； rather to have been regarded as a pension。 There have； however； been some intervals； and we are still under obligations to those who have supported THE SYSTEM； for not appointing Sir Everard Home to read the Croonian Lecture twenty years in SUCCESSION。 Had it been otherwise； we might have heard of vested rights。
SECTION 11。
OF THE CAUSES OF THE PRESENT STATE OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY。
The best friends of the Royal Society have long admitted； whilst they regretted； its declining fame； and even those who support whatever exists； begin a little to doubt whether it might not possibly be amended。
The great and leading cause of the present state to which the Royal Society is reduced； may be traced to years of misrule to which it has been submitted。 In order to understand this； it will be necessary to explain the nature of that misrule； and the means employed in perpetuating it。
It is known； that by the statutes； the body of the Society have the power of electing； annually； their President； Officers； and Council； and it is also well known； that this is a merely nominal power； and that printed lists are prepared and put into the hands of the members on their entering the room； and thus passed into the balloting box。 If these lists were； as in other scientific societies； openly discussed in the Council； and then offered by them as recommendations to the Society； little inconvenience would arise； but the fact is； that they are private nominations by the President； usually without notice； to the Council； and all the supporters of the system which I am criticizing； endeavour to uphold the right of this nomination in the President； and prevent or discourage any alteration。
The Society has； for years； been managed by a PARTY； or COTERIE； or by whatever other name may be most fit to designate a combination of persons； united by no expressed compact or written regulations； but who act together from a community of principles。 That each individual has invariably supported all the measures of the party； is by no means the case； and whilst instances of opposition amongst them have been very rare； a silent resignation to circumstances has been the most usual mode of meeting measures they disapproved。 The great object of this； as of all other parties； has been to maintain itself in power； and to divide； as far as it could； all the good things amongst its members。 It has usually consisted of persons of very moderate talent； who have had the prudence； whenever they could； to associate with themselves other members of greater ability； provided these latter would not oppose the system； and would thus lend to it the sanction of their name。 The party have always praised each other most highlyhave invariably opposed all improvements in the Society； all change in the mode of management； and have maintained； that all those who wished for any alteration were factious； and； when they discovered any symptoms of independence and inquiry breaking out in any member of the Council； they have displaced him as soon as they decently could。
Of the arguments employed by those who support the SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT by which the Royal Society is governed； I shall give a few samples： refutation is rendered quite unnecessaryjuxta… position is alone requisite。 If any member； seeing an improper appointment in contemplation； or any abuse in the management of the affairs of the Society continued； raise a voice against it； the ready answer is； Why should you interfere？ it may not be quite the thing you approve； but it is no affair of yours。If； on the other hand； it do relate to himself； the reply is equally ready。 It is immediately urged： The question is of a personal nature； you are the last person who ought to bring it forward； you are yourself interested。 If any member of the Society； feeling annoyed at the neglect； or hurt by the injuries or insults of the Council； show signs of remonstrance； it is immediately suggested to him that he is irritated； and ought to wait until his feelings subside； and he can judge more coolly on the subject； whilst with becoming candour they admit the ill… treatment； but urge forbearance。 If； after an interval； when reflection has had ample time to operate； the offence seems great as at first； or the insult appears unmitigated by any circumstances on which memory can dwell；if it is then brought forward； the immediate answer is； The affair is out of datethe thing is gone byit is too late to call in question a transaction so long past。 Thus； if a man is interested personally； he is unfit to question an abuse； if he is not； is it probable that he will question it？ and if； notwithstanding this； he do so； then he is to be accounted a meddler。 If he is insulted； and complain； he is told to wait until he is cool； and when that period arrives； he is then told he is too late。 If his remonstrance relates to the alteration of laws which are never referred to； or only known by their repeated breach； he is told that any alteration is useless； it is perfectly well known that they are never adhered to。 If it relate to the impolicy of any regulations attaching to an office； he is immediately answered； that that is a personal question； in which it is impossible to interferethe officer； it seems； is considered to have not merely a vested right to the continuance of every abuse； but an interest in transmitting it unimpaired to his successors。
In the same spirit I have heard errors of calculation or observation defended。 If small errors occur； it is said that they are too trifling to be of any importance。 If larger errors are pointed out； it is immediately contended that they can deceive nobody； because of their magnitude。 Perhaps it might be of some use； if the Council would oblige the world with their SCALE of ERROR； with illustrations from some of the most RECENT and APPROVED works； and would favour the uninformed with the orthodox creed upon all grades； from that which baffles the human faculties to detect； up to that which becomes innocuous from its size。
The offices connected with the Royal Society are few in number； and their emolument small in amount； but the proper disposition of them is； nevertheless； of great importance to the Society； and was so to the science of England。
In the first place； the President； having in effect the absolute nomination of the whole Council； could each year introduce a few gentlemen； whose only qualification to sit on it would be the high opinion they must necessarily entertain of the penetration of him who could discover their scientific merits。 He might also place in the list a few nobles or officials； just to gild it。 Neither of these classes would put any troublesome questions； and one of them might be employed； from its station in society； to check any that might be proposed by others。
With these ingredients； added to the regular train of the party； and a star or two of science to shed lustre over the whole； a very manageable Council might be formed； and such has been its frequent composition。
The duties of the Secretaries； when well exe
