decline of science in england-第10章
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have stated as to the inconvenience which may arise from the intended plan of limiting their Lordships' choice of members of the Resident Committee of Scientific Advice to the Council of the Royal Society； that their Lordships were induced to recommend this plan to his Majesty as a mark of respect to the Society； and as a pledge to the public of the qualification of the persons chosen。 Nor did their Lordships apprehend any inconvenience from the circumstance stated in the Minute of the Council； of the Members being annually elected； as the Resident Committee is also annually appointed； and； in point of fact； no practical inconvenience has been felt during the ten years that the Committee has been in existence； as four of the distinguished gentlemen whom their Lordships have successively appointed to this office； have continued during the whole period to be members of the Council； and if any such difficulty or inconvenience should hereafter arise； their Lordships will be ready to take proper measures for remedying it。
Their Lordships' intention therefore is； to propose to Captain Kater and Mr。 Herschel； to continue to fill this office； and to Dr。Young； who had resigned it； on receiving the appointment of Secretary to the late Board of Longitude； to be appointed。
I am； Sir； Your obedient servant； JOHN BARROW。
The representation made by the Council was not calculated to produce much effect； but the Secretary of the Admiralty； who knew well the stuff of which Councils of the Royal Society are composed； might have spared the bitter irony of making their Lordships say； that they recommended this plan 〃AS A MARK OF RESPECT TO THE SOCIETY；〃 and 〃AS A PLEDGE TO THE PUBLIC OF THE QUALIFICATIONS OF THE PERSONS CHOSEN；〃 whilst he delicately hints to them their dependent situation； by observing； that the 〃RESIDENT COMMITTEE IS ALSO ANNUALLY APPOINTED。〃
The Secretary knew that； PRACTICALLY speaking； it had been the custom for years for the President of the Royal Society to nominate the Council； and consequently he knew that every scientific adviser must first be indebted to the President for being qualified to advise； and then to the Admiralty for deriving profit from his counsel。 Thus then their Lordships； as a 〃MARK OF RESPECT FOR THE SOCIETY〃 confirm the dependence of the Council on the President； by making his nomination a qualification for place； and establish a new dependence of the same Council on themselves； by giving a hundred pounds each year to such three members of that Council as they may select。 〃THE PLEDGE〃 they offer 〃TO THE PUBLIC； OF THE QUALIFICATIONS OF THE PERSONS CHOSEN；〃 is； that Mr。 Davies Gilbert had previously thought they would do for his Council。
What the Society； when they are acquainted with it； may think of this mark of respect； or what value the public may put upon this pledge； must be left to themselves to express。
In looking over the list of officers and Council of the Royal Society the weakest perhaps （for purposes of science） which was ever made； a consolation arises from the possibility of some of those who were placed there by way of compliment； occasionally attending。 In that contracted field Lord Melville's penetration may not be uselessly employed； and the soldier who presides over our colonies may judge whether the principles which pervade it are open and liberal as his own。
The inconvenience to the public service from such an arrangement is； that the number out of which the advisers are selected must； in any case； be very small； and may； from several circumstances； be considerably reduced。 In a council fairly selected； to judge of the merits of the various subjects likely to be brought under the consideration of the Society； anatomy； chemistry； and the different branches of natural history； will share with the numerous departments of physical science； in claiming to be represented by persons competently skilled in those subjects。 These claims being satisfied； but few places will be left to fill up with mathematicians； astronomers； and persons conversant with nautical astronomy。
Let us look at the present Council。 Is there a single mathematician amongst them； if we except Mr Barlow； whose deservedly high reputation rests chiefly on his physical and experimental inquiries； and whom the President and the Admiralty have clearly shown they do not look upon as a mathematician； by not appointing him an adviser？
Small as the number of those persons on the Council； who are conversant with the three subjects named in the Act of Parliament； must usually be； it may be still further diminished。 The President； when he forms his Council； may decline naming those members who are most fit for such situations。 Or； on the other hand； some of those members who are best qualified for them； from their knowledge； may decline the honour of being the nominees of Mr。 Gilbert； as Vice Presidents； Treasurers； or Councillors； and thus lending their names to support a system of which they disapprove。
Whether the first of these causes has ever operated can be best explained by those gentlemen who have been on the Council。 The refusals are； notwithstanding the President's taciturnity on the subject； better known than he is willing that they should be。
Having discussed the general policy of the measure； with reference both to the Society and to the public； and without the slightest reference to the individuals who may have refused or accepted those situations； I shall now examine the propriety of the appointments that have been made。
Doubtless the gentlemen who now hold those situations either have never considered the influence such a mode of selection would have on the character of the Council； or； having considered it； they must have arrived at a different conclusion from mine。 There may； however； be arguments which I have overlooked； and a discussion of them must ultimately lead to truth： but I confess that it appears to me the objections which have been stated rest on principles of human nature； too deeply seated to be easily removed。
That I am not singular in the view I have taken of this subject； appears from several circumstances。 A question was asked respecting these appointments at the Anniversary before the last； and； from the nature of the answer； many of the members of the Society have been led to believe the objections have been removed。 Several Fellows of the Society； who knew these facts； thought it inexpedient ever to vote for placing any gentleman on the Council who had accepted these situations； and； having myself the same view of the case； I applied to the Council to be informed of the names of the present Scientific Advisers。 But although they remonstrated against the PRINCIPLE； they replied that they had 〃NO COGNIZANCE〃 of the fact。
The two first members of the Council； Mr。 Herschel and Captain Kater； who were so appointed； and who had previously been Resident Commissioners under the Act； immediately refused the situations。 Dr。 Young became one of the Advisers； and Captain Sabine and Mr。 Faraday were appointed by the Admiralty as the two remaining ones。 Of Dr。 Young； who died shortly after； I shall only observe that he possessed knowledge which qualified him for the situation。
Whether those who at present fill these offices can be said to belong to that class of persons which the Order in Council and the Act of Parliament point out； is a matter on which doubt may reasonably be entertained。 The Order in Council speaks of these three persons as being the same； and having the 〃SAME DUTIES〃 as those mentioned in the Act； and it recites the words of the Act； that they shall be persons 〃WELL VERSED IN THE SCIENCES OF MATHEMATICS ASTRONOMY； AND NAVIGATION。〃 Of the fitness of the gentlemen who now hold those situations to pronounce judgment on mathematical questions； the public will be better able to form an opinion when they shall have communicated to the world any of their own mathematical inquiries。 Although it is the practice to consider that acceptance of office is alone necessary to qualify a man for a statesman； a similar doctrine has not yet prevailed in the world of science。 One of these gentlemen； who has established his reputation as a chemist； stands in the same predicament with respect to the other two sciences。 It remains then to consider Captain Sabine's claims； which must rest on his skill in 〃PRACTICAL ASTRONOMY AND NAVIGATION；〃 a claim which can only be allowed when the scientific world are set at rest respecting the extraordinary nature of those observations contained in his work on the Pendulum。
That volume； printed under the authority of the Board of Longitude； excited at its appearance considerable attention。 The circumstance of the Government providing instruments and means of transport for the purpose of these inquiries； placed at Captain Sabine's disposal means superior to those which amateurs can generally afford； whilst the industry with which he availed himself of these opportunities； enabled him to bring home multitudes of observations from situations rarely visited with such instruments； and for such purposes。
The remarkable agreement with each other； which was found to exist amongst each class of observations； was as unexpected by those most conversant with the respective processes； as it was creditable to one who had devoted but a few years to the subject； and who； in the course of those voyages； used some of the instruments for the first time in his life。
This accordance amongst the results was such； that naval officers of the greatest experience； confessed themselves unable to take such lunars； whilst other observers； long versed in the use of the transit instrument； avowed their inability to take such transits。 Those who were conversant with pendulums； were at a loss how to make； even under more favourable circumstances； similarly concordant observations。 The same opinion prevailed on the continent as well as in England。 On whatever subject Captain Sabine touched； the observations he published seemed by their accuracy to leave former observers at a distance。 The methods of using the instruments scarcely differed in any important point from those before adopted； and； but for a fortunate discovery； which I shall presently relate； the world must have concluded that Captain Sabine possessed some keenness of vision； or acuteness of touch； which it would be hopeless for any to expect to rival。
The Council of the Royal Society spared no pains to stamp the accuracy of these observations with their testimony。 They seem to have thrust Captain Sabine's name perpetually on their minutes； and in a manner which must have been almost distressing： they recommend him in a letter to the Admiralty； then in another to the Ordnance； and several of the same persons； in their other capacity； as members of the Board of Longitude； after voting him a THOUSAND POUNDS for these observations； are said to have again recommended him to the Master…General of the Ordnance。 That an officer； commencing his scientific career； should be misled by such praises； was both natural and pardonable； but that the Council of the Royal Society should adopt their opinion so heedlessly； and maintain it so pertinaciously； was as cruel to the observer as it was injurious to
