agesilaus-第1章
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Agesilaus
by Xenophon
Translation by H。 G。 Dakyns
Dedicated To
Rev。 B。 Jowett； M。A。
Master of Balliol College
Regius Professor of Greek in the University of Oxford
Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B。C。 He was a
pupil of Socrates。 He marched with the Spartans；
and was exiled from Athens。 Sparta gave him land
and property in Scillus； where he lived for many
years before having to move once more； to settle
in Corinth。 He died in 354 B。C。
The Agesilaus summarises the life of his Spartan
friend and king； whom he met after the events of
the Anabasis。
AGESILAUS
An Encomium
The date of Agesilaus's death is uncertain360 B。C。 （Grote；
〃H。 G。〃 ix。 336）； 358 B。C。 （Curt。 iv。 196； Eng。 tr。）
I
To write the praises of Agesilaus in language equalling his virtue and
renown is； I know； no easy task； yet must it be essayed； since it were
but an ill requital of pre…eminence； that； on the ground of his
perfection； a good man should forfeit the tribute even of imperfect
praise。
As touching； therefore； the excellency of his birth； what weightier；
what nobler testimony can be adduced than this one fact？ To the
commemorative list of famous ancestry is added to…day the name＇1＇
Agesilaus as holding this or that numerical descent from Heracles； and
these ancestors no private persons； but kings sprung from the loins of
kings。 Nor is it open to the gainsayer to contend that they were kings
indeed but of some chance city。 Not so； but even as their family holds
highest honour in their fatherland； so too is their city the most
glorious in Hellas； whereby they hold； not primacy over the second
best； but among leaders they have leadership。
＇1＇ Or； 〃even to…day； in the proud bead…roll of his ancestry he stands
commemorated； in numerical descent from Heracles。〃
And herein it is open to us to praise both his fatherland and his
family。 It is notable that never throughout these ages has Lacedaemon；
out of envy of the privilege accorded to her kings； tried to dissolve
their rule； nor ever yet throughout these ages have her kings strained
after greater powers than those which limited their heritage of
kingship from the first。 Wherefore； while all other forms of
government； democracies and oligarchies； tyrannies and monarchies；
alike have failed to maintain their continuity unbroken； here； as the
sole exception； endures indissolubly their kingship。＇2＇
＇2＇ See 〃Cyrop。〃 I。 i。 1。
And next in token of an aptitude for kingship seen in Agesilaus；
before even he entered upon office； I note these signs。 On the death
of Agis； king of Lacedaemon； there were rival claimants to the throne。
Leotychides claimed the succession as being the son of Agis； and
Agesilaus as the son of Archidamus。 But the verdict of Lacedaemon
favoured Agesilaus as being in point of family and virtue
unimpeachable；＇3＇ and so they set him on the throne。 And yet； in this
princeliest of cities so to be selected by the noblest citizens as
worthy of highest privilege； argues； methinks conclusively； an
excellence forerunning exercise of rule。＇4＇
＇3＇ For this matter see 〃Hell。〃 III。 iii。 1…6； V。 iv。 13； Plut。
〃Ages。〃 iii。 3 （Cloigh； iv。 3 foll。）； Paus。 iii。 3。
＇4＇ See Aristides （〃Rhet。〃 776）； who quotes the passage for its
measured cadence。
And so I pass on at once to narrate the chief achievements of his
reign； since by the light of deeds the character of him who wrought
them will； if I mistake not； best shine forth。
Agesilaus was still a youth＇5＇ when he obtained the kingdom； and he
was still but a novice in his office when the news came that the king
of Persia was collecting a mighty armament by sea and land for the
invasion of Hellas。 The Lacedaemonians and their allies sat debating
these matters； when Agesilaus undertook to cross over into Asia。 He
only asked for thirty Spartans and two thousand New Citizens；＇6＇
besides a contingent of the allies six thousand strong； with these he
would cross over into Asia and endeavour to effect a peace； or； if the
barbarian preferred war； he would leave him little leisure to invade
Hellas。
＇5＇ B。C。 399； according to Plut。 （〃Ages。〃 ad fin。） he was forty…three；
and therefore still 〃not old。〃 See 〃Hell。〃 III。 iv。 1 for the
startling news； B。C。 396。
＇6＇ For the class of Neodamodes； see Arnold's note to Thuc。 v。 34
（Jowett； 〃Thuc。〃 ii。 307）； also Thuc。 vii。 58； 〃Hell。〃 I。 iii。 15。
The proposal was welcomed with enthusiasm on the part of many。 They
could not but admire the eagerness of their king to retaliate upon the
Persian for his former invasions of Hellas by counter…invasion on his
own soil。 They liked the preference also which he showed for attacking
rather than awaiting his enemy's attack； and his intention to carry on
the war at the expense of Persia rather than that of Hellas； but it
was the perfection of policy； they felt； so to change the arena of
battle； with Asia as the prize of victory instead of Hellas。 If we
pass on to the moment when he had received his army and set sail； I
can conceive no clearer exposition of his generalship than the bare
narration of his exploits。
The scene is Asia； and this his first achievement。 Tissaphernes had
sworn an oath to Agesilaus on this wise： if Agesilaus would grant him
an armistice until the return of certain ambassadors whom he would
send to the king； he （Tissaphernes） would do his utmost to procure the
independence of the Hellenic cities in Asia。 And Agesilaus took a
counter oath： without fraud or covin to observe the armistice during
the three months＇7＇ necessary to that transaction。 But the compact was
scarcely made when Tissaphernes gave the lie to the solemn undertaking
he had sworn to。 So far from effecting peace； he begged the King to
send him a large armament in addition to that which he already had。 As
to Agesilaus； though he was well aware of these proceedings； he
adhered loyally to the armistice。
＇7＇ See Grote； 〃H。 G。〃 x。 359； 〃Hell。〃 III。 iv。 5。
And for myself； I look upon this as the first glorious achievement of
the Spartan。 By displaying the perjury of Tissaphernes he robbed him
of his credit with all the world； by the exhibition of himself in
contrast as a man who ratified his oath and would not gainsay an
article of his agreement； he gave all men； Hellenes and barbarians
alike； encouragement to make covenant with him to the full extent of
his desire。
When Tissaphernes； priding himself on the strength of that army which
had come down to aid him； bade Agesilaus to be gone from Asia or to
prepare for war；＇8＇ deep was the vexation depicted on the faces of the
Lacedaemonians there present and their allies； as they realised that
the scanty force of Agesilaus was all too small to cope with the
armaments of Persia。 But the brow of their general was lit with joy as
gaily he bade the ambassadors take back this answer to Tissaphernes：
〃I hold myself indebted to your master for the perjury whereby he has
obtained to himself the hostility of heaven； and made the gods
themselves allies of Hellas。〃 And so without further pause he
published a general order to his soldiers to pack their baggage and
prepare for active service； and to the several cities which lay on the
line of march to Caria； the order sped to have their markets in
readiness； while to the men of Ionia and the Aeolid and the Hellespont
he sent despatches bidding them send their contingents to Ephesus to
join in the campaign。
＇8＇ Lit。 〃When Tissaphernes； priding himself 。 。 。 bade Agesilaus be
gone 。 。 。 deep was the annoyance felt。〃
Tissaphernes meanwhile was influenced by the fact that Agesilaus had
no cavalry； and that Caria was a hilly district unsuited for that arm。
Moreover； as he further bethought him； Agesilaus must needs be wroth
with him for his deceit。 What could be clearer； therefore； than that
he was about to make a dash at the satrap's home in Caria？ Accordingly
he transported the whole of his infantry into Caria and marched his
cavalry round the while into the plain of the Maeander； persuaded that
he would trample the Hellenes under the hoofs of his horses long
before they reached the district where no cavalry could operate。
But Agesilaus； instead of advancing upon Caria； turned right about and
marched in the direction of Phrygia。 Picking up the various forces
that met him on his progress； he passed onwards； laying city after
city at his feet； and by the suddenness of his incursion capturing
enormous wealth。
Here was an achievement which showed the genius of a general； as all
agreed。 When once war as declared； and the arts of circumvention and
deceit were thereby justified； he had proved Tissaphernes to be a very
bade in subtlety；＇9＇ and with what sagacity again did he turn the
circumstances to account for the enrichment of his friends。 Owing to
the quantity of wealth captured； precious things were selling for a
mere song。 Thereupon he gave his friends warning to make their
purchases； adding that he should at once march down to the sea…coast
at the head of his troops。 The quartermasters meanwhile received
orders to make a note of the purchasers with the prices of the
articles； and to consign the goods。 The result was that； without prior
disbursement on their part； or detriment to the public treasury； his
friends reaped an enormous harvest。 Moreover； when deserters came with
offers to disclose hidden treasures； and naturally enough laid their
proposal before the king himself； he took care to have the capture of
these treasures effected by his friends； which would enable them to do
a stroke of business； and at the same time redound to their prestige。
For this reason he was not long in discovering many an eager aspirant
to his friendship。
＇9＇ See below； xi。 4； 〃Mem。〃 III。 i。 6； IV。 ii。 15； 〃Cyrop。〃 I。 vi。
31； Plut。 〃Ages。〃 xi。 （Clough； iv。 10）。
But a country pillaged and denuded of inhabitants would not long
support an army。 That he felt。 A more pe
