the malay archipelago-2-第52章

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odia）；　the　carious　pale…　coloured　crow　（Gymnocorvus　senex）；　the　abnormal　red　and　black　flycatcher　（Peltops　blainvillii）；　the　curious　little　boat…billed　flycatchers　（Machaerirhynchus）；　and　the　elegant　blue　flycatcher…　wrens　（Todopsis）。

The　naturalist　will　obtain　a　clearer　idea　of　the　variety　and　interest　of　the　productions　of　this　country；　by　the　statement；　that　its　land　birds　belong　to　108　genera；　of　which　20　are　exclusively　characteristic　of　it；　while　35　belong　to　that　limited　area　which　includes　the　Moluccas　and　North　Australia；　and　whose　species　of　these　genera　have　been　entirely　derived　from　New　Guinea。　About　one…half　of　the　New　Guinea　genera　are　found　also　in　Australia；　about　one…third　in　India　and　the　Indo…Malay　islands。

A　very　curious　fact；　not　hitherto　sufficiently　noticed；　is　the　appearance　of　a　pure　Malay　element　in　the　birds　of　New　Guinea。　We　find　two　species　of　Eupetes；　a　curious　Malayan　genus　allied　to　the　forked…tail　water…chats；　two　of　Alcippe；　an　Indian　and　Malay　wren…like　form；　an　Arachnothera；　quite　resembling　the　spider…　catching　honeysuckers　of　Malacca；　two　species　of　Gracula；　the　Mynahs　of　India；　and　a　curious　little　black　Prionochilus；　a　saw…　billed　fruit　pecker；　undoubtedly　allied　to　the　Malayan　form；　although　perhaps　a　distinct　genus。　Now　not　one　of　these　birds；　or　anything　allied　to　them；　occurs　in　the　Moluccas；　or　（with　one　exception）　in　Celebes　or　Australia；　and　as　they　are　most　of　them　birds　of　short　flight；　it　is　very　difficult　to　conceive　how　or　when　they　could　have　crossed　the　space　of　more　than　a　thousand　miles；　which　now　separates　them　from　their　nearest　allies。　Such　facts　point　to　changes　of　land　and　sea　on　a　large　scale；　and　at　a　rate　which；　measured　by　the　time　required　for　a　change　of　species；　must　be　termed　rapid。　By　speculating　on　such　changes；　we　may　easily　see　how　partial　waves　of　immigration　may　have　entered　New　Guinea；　and　how　all　trace　of　their　passage　may　have　been　obliterated　by　the　subsequent　disappearance　of　the　intervening　land。

There　is　nothing　that　the　study　of　geology　teaches　us　that　is　more　certain　or　more　impressive　than　the　extreme　instability　of　the　earth's　surface。　Everywhere　beneath　our　feet　we　find　proofs　that　what　is　land　has　been　sea；　and　that　where　oceans　now　spread　out　has　once　been　land；　and　that　this　change　from　sea　to　land；　and　from　land　to　sea；　has　taken　place；　not　once　or　twice　only；　but　again　and　again；　during　countless　ages　of　past　time。　Now　the　study　of　the　distribution　of　animal　life　upon　the　present　surface　of　the　earth；　causes　us　to　look　upon　this　constant　interchange　of　land　and　seathis　making　and　unmaking　of　continents；　this　elevation　and　disappearance　of　islandsas　a　potent　reality；　which　has　always　and　everywhere　been　in　progress；　and　has　been　the　main　agent　in　determining　the　manner　in　which　living　things　are　now　grouped　and　scattered　over　the　earth's　surface。　And　when　we　continually　come　upon　such　little　anomalies　of　distribution　as　that　just　now　described；　we　find　the　only　rational　explanation　of　them；　in　those　repeated　elevations　and　depressions　which　have　left　their　record　in　mysterious；　but　still　intelligible　characters　on　the　face　of　organic　nature。

The　insects　of　New　Guinea　are　less　known　than　the　birds；　but　they　seem　almost　equally　remarkable　for　fine　forms　and　brilliant　colours。　The　magnificent　green　and　yellow　Ornithopterae　are　abundant；　and　have　most　probably　spread　westward　from　this　point　as　far　as　India。　Among　the　smaller　butterflies　are　several　peculiar　genera　of　Nymphalidae　and　Lycaenidae；　remarkable　for　their　large　size；　singular　markings；　or　brilliant　coloration。　The　largest　and　most　beautiful　of　the　clear…winged　moths　（Cocytia　d'urvillei）　is　found　here；　as　well　as　the　large　and　handsome　green　moth　（Nyctalemon　orontes）。　The　beetles　furnish　us　with　many　species　of　large　size；　and　of　the　most　brilliant　metallic　lustre；　among　which　the　Tmesisternus　mirabilis；　a　longicorn　beetle　of　a　golden　green　colour；　the　excessively　brilliant　rose…chafers；　Lomaptera　wallacei　and　Anacamptorhina　fulgida；　one　of　the　handsomest　of　the　Buprestidae；　Calodema　wallacei；　and　several　fine　blue　weevils　of　the　genus　Eupholus；　are　perhaps　the　most　conspicuous。　Almost　all　the　other　orders　furnish　us　with　large　or　extraordinary　forms。　The　curious　horned　flies　have　already　been　mentioned；　and　among　the　Orthoptera　the　great　shielded　grasshoppers　are　the　most　remarkable。　The　species　here　figured　（Megalodon　ensifer）　has　the　thorax　covered　by　a　large　triangular　horny　shield；　two　and　a　half　inches　long；　with　serrated　edges；　a　somewhat　wavy；　hollow　surface；　and　a　faun　median　line；　so　as　very　closely　to　resemble　a　leaf。　The　glossy　wing…coverts　（when　fully　expanded；　more　than　nine　inches　across）　are　of　a　fine　green　colour　and　so　beautifully　veined　as　to　imitate　closely　some　of　the　large　shining　tropical　leaves。　The　body　is　short；　and　terminated　in　the　female　by　a　long　curved　sword…like　ovipositor　（not　seen　in　the　cut）；　and　the　legs　are　all　long　and　strongly…　spined。　These　insects　are　sluggish　in　their　motions；　depending　for　safety　on　their　resemblance　to　foliage；　their　horny　shield　and　wing…coverts；　and　their　spiny　legs。

The　large　islands　to　the　east　of　New　Guinea　are　very　little　known；　but　the　occurrence　of　crimson　lories；　which　are　quite　absent　from　Australia；　and　of　cockatoos　allied　to　those　of　New　Guinea　and　the　Moluccas；　shows　that　they　belong　to　the　Papuan　group；　and　we　are　thus　able　to　define　the　Malay　Archipelago　as　extending　eastward　to　the　Solomon's　Islands。　New　Caledonia　and　the　New　Hebrides；　on　the　other　hand；　seem　more　nearly　allied　to　Australia；　and　the　rest　of　the　islands　of　the　Pacific；　though　very　poor　in　all　forms　of　life；　possess　a　few　peculiarities　which　compel　us　to　class　them　as　a　separate　group。　Although　as　a　matter　of　convenience　I　have　always　separated　the　Moluccas　as　a　distinct　zoological　group　from　New　Guinea；　I　have　at　the　same　time　pointed　out　that　its　fauna　was　chiefly　derived　from　that　island；　just　as　that　of　Timor　was　chiefly　derived　from　Australia。　If　we　were　dividing　the　Australian　region　for　zoological　purposes　alone；　we　should　form　three　great　groups：　one　comprising　Australia；　Timor；　and　Tasmania；　another　New　Guinea；　with　the　islands　from　Bouru　to　the　Solomon's　group；　and　the　third　comprising　the　greater　part　of　the　Pacific　Islands。

The　relation　of　the　New　Guinea　fauna　to　that　of　Australia　is　very　close。　It　is　best　marked　in　the　Mammalia　by　the　abundance　of　marsupials；　and　the　almost　　complete　absence　of　all　other　terrestrial　forms。　In　birds　it　is　less　striking；　although　still　very　clear；　for　all　the　remarkable　old…world　forms　which　are　absent　from　the　one　are　equally　so　from　the　other；　such　as　Pheasants；　Grouse；　Vultures；　and　Woodpeckers；　while　Cockatoos；　Broad…tailed　Parrots；　Podargi；　and　the　great　families　of　the　Honeysuckers　and　Brush…turkeys；　with　many　others；　comprising　no　less　than　twenty…four　genera　of　land…birds；　are　common　to　both　countries；　and　are　entirely　confined　to　them。

When　we　consider　the　wonderful　dissimilarity　of　the　two　regions　in　all　those　physical　conditions　which　were　once　supposed　to　determine　the　forms　of　life…Australia；　with　its　open　plains；　stony　deserts；　dried　up　rivers；　and　changeable　temperate　climate；　New　Guinea；　with　its　luxuriant　forests；　uniformly　hot；　moist；　and　evergreenthis　great　similarity　in　their　productions　is　almost　astounding；　and　unmistakeably　points　to　a　common　origin。　The　resemblance　is　not　nearly　so　strongly　marked　in　insects；　the　reason　obviously　being；　that　this　class　of　animals　are　much　more　immediately　dependent　on　vegetation　and　climate　than　are　the　more　highly　organized　birds　and　Mammalia。　Insects　also　have　far　more　effective　means　of　distribution；　and　have　spread　widely　into　every　district　favourable　to　their　development　and　increase。　The　giant　Ornithopterae　have　thus　spread　from　New　Guinea　over　the　whole　Archipelago；　and　as　far　as　the　base　of　the　Himalayas；　while　the　elegant　long…horned　Anthribidae　have　spread　in　the　opposite　direction　from　Malacca　to　New　Guinea；　but　owing　to　unfavourable　conditions　have　not　been　able　to　establish　themselves　in　Australia。　That　country；　on　the　other　hand；　has　developed　a　variety　of　flower…haunting　Chafers　and　Buprestidae；　and　numbers　of　large　and　curious　terrestrial　Weevils；　scarcely　any　of　which　are　adapted　to　the　damp　gloomy　forests　of　New　Guinea；　where　entirely　different　forms　are　to　be　found。　There　are；　however；　some　groups　of　insects；　constituting　what　appear　to　be　the　remains　of　the　ancient　population　of　the　equatorial　parts　of　the　Australian　region；　which　are　still　almost　entirely　confined　to　it。　Such　are　the　interesting　sub…family　of　Longicorn　coleoptera　Tmesisternitae；　one　of　the　best…marked　genera　of　Buprestidae　Cyphogastra；　and　the　beautiful　weevils　forming　the　genus　Eupholus。　Among　butterflies　we　have　the　genera　Mynes；　Hypocista；　and　Elodina；　and　the　curious　eye…spotted　Drusilla；　of　which　last　a　single　species　is　found　in　Java；　but　in　no　other　of　the　western　islands。

The　facilities　for　the　distribution　of　plants　are　still　greater　than　they　are　for　insects；　and　it　is　the　opinion　of　eminent　botanists；　that　no　such　clearly…defined　regions　pan　be　marked　out　in　botany　as　in　zoology。　The　causes　which　tend　to　diffusion　are　here　most　powerful；　and　have　led　to　such　intermingling　of　the　floras　of　adjacent　regions　that　none　but　broad　and　general　divisions　can　now　be　detected。　These　remarks　have　an　important　bearing　on　the　problem　of　dividing　the　surface　of　the　earth　into　great　regions；　distinguished　by　the　radical　difference　of　their　natural　productions。　Such　difference　we　now　know　to　be　the　direct　result　of　long…continued　separation　by　more　or　less　impassable　barriers；　and　as　wide　oceans　and　great　contrast：　of　temperature　are　the　most　complete　barriers　to　the　dispersal　of　all　terrestrial　forms　of　life；　the　primary　divisions　of　the　earth　should　in　the　main　serve　for　all　terrestrial　organisms。　However　various　may　be　the　effects　of　climate；　however　unequal　the　means　of　distribution；　these　will　never　altogether　obliterate　the　radical　effects　of　long…continued　isolation；　and　it　is　my　firm　conviction；　that　when　the　botany　and　the　entomology　of　New　Guinea　and　the　surrounding　islands　become　as　well　known　as　are　their　mammals　and　birds；　these　departments　of　nature　will　also　plainly　indicate　the　radical　distinctions　of　the　Indo…Malayan　and　Austro…　Malayan　regions　of　the　great　Malay　Archipelago。


CHAPTER　XL。

THE　RACES　OF　MAN　IN　THE　MALAY　ARCHIPELAGO。

PROPOSE　to　conclude　this　account　of　my　Eastern　travels；　with　a　short　statement　of　my　views　as　to　the　races　of　man　which　inhabit　the　various　parts　of　the　Archipelago；　their　chief　physical　and　mental　characteristics；　their　affinities　with　each　other　and　with　surrounding　tribes；　their　migrations；　and　their　probable　origin。

Two　very　strongly　contrasted　races　inhabit　the　Archipelagothe　Malays；　occupying　almost　exclusively　the　larger　western　half　of　it；　and　the　Papuans；　whose　headquarters　are　New　Guinea　and　several　of　the　adjacent　islands。　Between　these　in　locality；　are　found　tribes　who　are　also　intermediate　in　their　chief　characteristics；　and　it　is　sometimes　a　nice　point　to　determine　whether　they　belong　to　one　or　the　other　race；　or　have　been　formed　by　a　mixture　of　the　two。

The　Malay　is　undoubtedly