pathology of lying-第3章
按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
ave referred to a few points of special interest and rarely have designated the results on tests in our series。 In general； the reader probably will be better off with merely the statement of the principal findings and of the mental diagnosis。
Of much interest for the present subject is the development of psychological studies of testimony or report。 Because of the natural expectation that the pathological liar might prove to be an unreliable witness our studies on this point will be offered in detail。 For years we have been giving a picture memory test on the order of one used extensively abroad。 This ‘‘Aussage'' Test is the one described as Test VI in our monograph on Practical Mental Classification。＇7＇ More recently our studies on the psychology of testimony have led us into wider fields of observation； and here the group of cases now under discussion may have to stand by themselves。 The picture； the record of testimony on which is given in some detail in our case histories； is that of a butcher's shop with objects and actions that are universally comprehended。 After careful and fair explanation of what is about to be undertaken； the picture is exposed for ten seconds； and then the examinee is asked to give a free recital of all he saw。 When he states that no more is remembered he is questioned on omitted details。 （All told； there are about 50 details of varying importance in the picture。） During the progress of this part of the examination he is asked if he saw 7 objects which might well be in a butcher shop； but which are not in the picture。 This is the test for susceptibility to suggestion。 All points are carefully scored。 Norms on this test； as on many others； it seems hardly fair to give by averagesthere is much variation according to mentality and even personality groups。 Practically all of our cases of pathological lying range above the age of young childhood； so it is not necessary here to discuss the characteristics of young children's testimony。 Perhaps it is sufficient to say that the ordinary individual recalls voluntarily or upon questioning upwards of 20 items； and does not give incorrect items to any extent。 On questioning he may perhaps accept one or two of the seven suggestions； but when details in general are asked for he does not add fictional items more than are accounted for by some little slip of memory。 One can find definite types of intellectual honesty； even among children of 10 or 12 years of age； when there is no tampering with the truth； if an item has not been observed； there is no effort to make it seem otherwise。 For discussion of the results on this test among our pathological liars we refer to our chapter on conclusions。
＇7＇ ‘‘Tests for Practical Mental Classification；'' by William Healy and Grace M。 Fernald； Monograph No。 54。 Psychological Review Pub。 Co。； 1911； Princeton University； Princeton； N。 J。
The short summary of causative factors given at the end of the case study deals only with the factors of delinquency。 To avoid misinterpretation of the coordinated facts； what they are focused upon should ever be remembered。 The statement of these ascertained factors brings out many incidental points which should be of interest to lawyers and other students of criminalistics。
It should be needless to state to our professional readers that the personalities represented in our case histories are entirely fictitious； but that alterations have been made only in such facts as will not impair scientific values。 We confess to no particular pleasure in writing up this rather sordid material； the task is undertaken because such studies offer the only way to gain that better understanding which is necessary for adequate treatment of special types of human beings。
CHAPTER II
PREVIOUS STUDIES
The subject of pathological lying was first definitely brought to the attention of the medical and legal professions by the studies of Delbruck。＇8＇ The aim of this work was to follow the development of a symptom but little commented upon up to this time； a symptom； as he says； found in every healthy person in slight degree； but in some cases rising to pathological significance and perhaps dominating the entire picture of abnormal traitsthus becoming pathognomonic。 This symptom he at the outset calls lying。
＇8＇ ‘‘Die pathologische Luge und die psychisch abnormen Schwindler。 Eine Untersuchung Uber den allmahlichen Uebergang eines normalen psychologischen Vorgangs in ein pathologisches Symptom； fur Aerzte und Juristen。'' Pp。 131； Stuttgart； 1891。
Through an elaborate and exhaustive investigation of the lies told by five patients over a period of years； he came to the conclusion that the form of falsifying in these cases deserves a new and separate name。 It was not ordinary lying； or delusion； or false memory； these words express only part of the conception； hence he coined the new term； pseudologia phantastica； to cover the species of lying with which he was concerned。 Later German writers have also adopted his terminology。
To emphasize the method by which he arrived at this conclusion and to gain at the same time some knowledge of the problems he dealt with； we may review in bare outline his case…studies。
The first patient presented by Delbruck was an Austrian maid…servant who in her wanderings through Austria and Switzerland had played at various times the roles of Roumanian princess； Spaniard of royal lineage； a poor medical student； and the rich friend of a bishop。 Her lying revealed a mixture of imagination； boastfulness； deception； delusion； and dissimulation。 She romanced wonderfully about her royal birth and wrote letters purporting to be from a cardinal to herself。 She fled disguised as a man from an educational institution to Switzerland where her sex was discovered。 It appeared that she was subject to contrary sex feelings and thought of herself as a man。 She was under the observation of Krafft…Ebing at one time。 He considered it at least as a case of paranoia。 Others had determined the girl to be a psychopath who indulged in simulations and lies。 Delbruck denominated it a case of direct lying with a tendency to phantasies； delusions； and dissimulations。 Delbruck from this case argues that a mixture of lies and delusions is possible； comparing such a state with dreaming and with the hypnotic condition in which one follows the suggestion of the hypnotizer and is still aware of the fact。 It was evident at times that this girl half believed her own stories； then again that she had forgotten her former lies。 In her； Delbruck considers perverted sex feeling and hysteria revealed a brain organization abnormal from birth。 There was the instinctive tendency to lie。
The second patient； an epileptic girl； had been many times imprisoned and also sent to the Charite for examination into her sanity before Delbruck saw her。 Her peculiar method was to approach strangers； claiming to be a relative coming from another city to visit。 If cordially received she would stay as long as her welcome lasted； then depart taking with her any of their possessions her fancy chose。 Many prominent physicians examined her and were unable to decide as to her responsibility； judges and others said she was a willful deceiver； a refined swindler。 Delbruck； looking deeper； found that she was suffering from hysteria； having hystero…epileptic seizures with following delirium； or rather twilight states。 Though her delinquencies seemed to show cunning and skill； a careful investigation revealed the fact that this was merely aberrant。 Generally her thieving was undertaken in feebleminded fashion； many times she stole things worthless to herself。 Evidences of her pathological mentality were that she would give orders for groceries； would buy children's clothes； or send for a physician under an assumed name。 She might not go back for the groceries； but after ordering them would say she would return with the carriage。 The characteristic fact throughout her career was that she wished to appear to be some one wealthier； more influential than she was。 Delbruck classifies her as high…grade feebleminded； suffering from convulsive attacks and peculiar states of consciousness； with a morbid tendency to lying。 She possessed no power to realize the culpable nature of her acts when she was performing them。
His third patient as a boy appeared normal both mentally and physically。 In his youth he went through the gymnasium and then studied theology。 He spent money very freely on clothing and books； but at this period neither stole nor lied。 After finishing his theological studies； he preached in his home town and was regarded as a young man of great promise。 Then came a change； he began to write strange letters； telling of some positions offered him； he borrowed money freely from relatives and friends who were willing to give because they believed in his coming career。 When studied； it was concluded by Delbruck that this was a case of constitutional psychosis； hysteria； moral insanity； and psychopathyall of these forms being interrelated。 Outside of masturbation； begun in early childhood and indulged in excessively at times； no causal factors were discovered。 He considered that this case offered a good illustration of the peculiar coexistence of real lies and delusions in the same individual。
His fourth case was that of an artful； deceitful； arrogant； selfish boy； always clever in excuses； who had stolen from the age of twelve； often stolen things that he threw away。 Though of Protestant family； he delighted to draw Catholic insignia and embroider religious characters。 He finally entered the university； always lying and stealing。 At the end of three months he was taken home in debt 2000 marks。 He later became a Catholic。 Outside of normal expense he had cost his father 28；000 marks。 By the time he was studied he had already taken opium for four years； having started because of neuralgia。 There had been a severe operation on account of some trouble with the teeth。 It was discovered that there was contrary sexual feeling in this case also。 The patient had a great inclination for doing woman's handwork。 Delbruck again considered the early appearance of character anomalies and perverted sex feeling to prove a deep…seated abnormality of nervous constitution。 He diagnosed it as a case of constitutional psychosis； the extent of the abnormalities showing the individual to be irresponsible。
His last patient was an alcoholic adventurer； early life unknown； who had an idiotic sister。 He had lived long in America and returned to Germany full of stories of his wonderful achievements over seas。 This case does not concern us except to emphasize the influence of alcohol in the development of such cases。
This outline is sufficient to show the justification of his conclusion； namely； that just as in healthy people a mixing of lies and mistakes may occur； so the same combination may reach a pathological height； and one can diagnose a mixture of lies with delusions or false memories。
These studies focus our attention on the following points which are valuable to emphasize for the purpose of this monograph： the complexity of details to be examined in the life of any one p
