the life of william carey-第55章

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rticultural　Committee　which　appeared　in　the　second　volume　of　the　Transactions　after　his　death。　　He　there　records　the　great　success　of　the　cultivation　of　the　West　India　arrowroot。　　This　he　introduced　into　his　own　garden；　and　after　years　of　discontinued　culture　we　raised　many　a　fine　crop　from　the　old　roots。　　The　old　man　〃cannot　but　advert；　with　feelings　of　the　highest　satisfaction；　to　the　display　of　vegetables　on　the　13th　January　1830；　a　display　which　would　have　done　honour　to　any　climate；　or　to　any；　even　the　most　improved　system　of　horticulture。。。The　greater　part　of　the　vegetables　then　produced　were；　till　within　these　last　few　years；　of　species　wholly　unknown　to　the　native　gardeners。〃

When；　in　1842；　the　Agri…Horticultural　Society　resolved　to　honour　its　founder；　it　appropriately　fell　to　Dr。　Wallich；　followed　by　the　president　Sir　J。　P。　Grant；　to　do　what　is　thus　recorded：〃Dr。　Wallich　addressed　the　meeting　at　some　length；　and　alluded　to　the　peculiar　claims　which　their　late　venerable　founder　had　on　the　affection　of　all　classes　for　his　untiring　exertions　in　advancing　the　prosperity　of　India；　and　especially　so　on　the　members　of　the　Society。　　He　concluded　his　address　by　this　motion：'That　the　Agricultural　and　Horticultural　Society　of　India；　duly　estimating　the　great　and　important　services　rendered　to　the　interests　of　British　India　by　the　founder　of　the　institution；　the　late　Reverend　Dr。　William　Carey；　who　unceasingly　applied　his　great　talents；　abilities；　and　influence　in　advancing　the　happiness　of　Indiamore　especially　by　the　spread　of　an　improved　system　of　husbandry　and　gardeningdesire　to　mark；　by　some　permanent　record；　their　sense　of　his　transcendent　worth；　by　placing　a　marble　bust　to　his　memory　in　the　Society's　new　apartments　at　the　Metcalfe　Hall；　there　to　remain　a　lasting　testimony　to　the　pure　and　disinterested　zeal　and　labours　of　so　illustrious　a　character：　that　a　subscription；　accordingly；　from　among　the　members　of　the　Society；　be　urgently　recommended　for　the　accomplishment　of　the　above　object。'〃

One　fact　in　the　history　of　the　marble　bust　of　Carey；　which　since　1845　has　adorned　the　hall　of　the　Agricultural　Society　of　India；　would　have　delighted　the　venerable　missionary。　　Following　the　engraving　from　Home's　portrait；　and　advised　by　one　of　the　sons；　Nobo　Koomar　Pal；　a　self…educated　Bengali　artist；　modelled　the　clay。　　The　clay　bust　was　sent　to　England　for　the　guidance　of　Mr。　J。　C。　Lough；　the　sculptor　selected　by　Dr。　Royle　to　finish　the　work　in　marble。　Mr。　Lough　had　executed　the　Queen's　statue　for　the　Royal　Exchange；　and　the　monument　with　a　reclining　figure　of　Southey。　　In　sending　out　the　marble　bust　of　Carey　to　Calcutta　Dr。　Royle　wrote；〃I　think　the　bust　an　admirable　one；　General　Macleod　immediately　recognised　it　as　one　of　your　much　esteemed　Founder。〃

The　Bengal　Asiatic　Society；　on　the　motion　of　the　Lord　Bishop　and　Colonel　Sir　Jer。　Bryant；　entered　these　words　on　their　Journal：〃The　Asiatic　Society　cannot　note　upon　their　proceedings　the　death　of　the　Rev。　W。　Carey；　D。D。；　so　long　an　active　member　and　an　ornament　of　this　Institution；　distinguished　alike　for　his　high　attainments　in　the　Oriental　languages；　for　his　eminent　services　in　opening　the　stores　of　Indian　literature　to　the　knowledge　of　Europe；　and　for　his　extensive　acquaintance　with　the　sciences；　the　natural　history　and　botany　of　this　country；　and　his　useful　contributions　on　every　hand　towards　the　promotion　of　the　objects　of　the　Society；　without　placing　on　record　this　expression　of　their　high　sense　of　his　value　and　merits　as　a　scholar　and　a　man　of　science；　their　esteem　for　the　sterling　and　surpassing　religious　and　moral　excellencies　of　his　character；　and　their　sincere　grief　for　his　irreparable　loss。〃





CHAPTER　XIII

CAREY'S　IMMEDIATE　INFLUENCE　IN　GREAT　BRITAIN　AND　AMERICA

1813…1830

Carey's　relation　to　the　new　eraThe　East　India　Company's　Charters　of　1793；　1813；　and　1833His　double　influence　on　the　churches　and　public　opinionThe　great　missionary　societiesMissionary　journals　and　their　readersBengal　and　India　recognised　as　the　most　important　mission　fieldsInfluence　on　Robert　HaldaneReflex　effect　of　foreign　on　home　missionsCarey's　power　over　individualsMelville　Horne　and　Douglas　of　CaversHenry　MartynCharles　Simeon　and　Stewart　of　MoulinRobert　Hall　and　John　FosterHeber　and　ChalmersWilliam　Wilberforce　on　CareyMr。　Prendergast　and　the　tub　storyLast　persecution　by　the　Company's　GovernmentCarey　on　the　persecution　and　the　charter　controversyThe　persecuting　clause　and　the　resolution　legalising　tolerationThe　Edinburgh　Review　and　Sydney　Smith's　funSir　James　Mackintosh's　opinionSouthey's　defence　and　eulogy　of　Carey　and　the　brotherhood　in　the　Quarterly　ReviewPolitical　value　of　Carey's　laboursAndrew　Fuller's　deathA　model　foreign　mission　secretaryHis　friendship　with　CareyThe　sixteen　years'　disputeDr。　Carey's　positionHis　defence　of　MarshmanHis　chivalrous　seIf…sacrificeHis　forgiveness　of　the　younger　brethren　in　CalcuttaHis　fidelity　to　righteousness　and　to　friendship。

Himself　the　outcome　of　the　social　and　political　forces　which　began　in　the　French　Revolution；　and　are　still　at　work；　William　Carey　was　made　a　living　personal　force　to　the　new　era。　　The　period　which　was　introduced　in　1783　by　the　Peace　of　Versailles　in　Europe　following　the　Independence　of　the　United　States　of　America；　was　new　on　every　sidein　politics；　in　philosophy；　in　literature；　in　scientific　research；　in　a　just　and　benevolent　regard　for　the　peoples　of　every　land；　and　in　the　awakening　of　the　churches　from　the　sleep　of　formalism。　　Carey　was　no　thinker；　but　with　the　reality　and　the　vividness　of　practical　action　and　personal　sacrifice　he　led　the　English…speaking　races；　to　whom　the　future　of　the　world　was　then　given；　to　substitute　for　the　dreams　of　Rousseau　and　all　other　theories　the　teaching　of　Christ　as　to　His　kingdom　within　each　man；　and　in　the　progress　of　mankind。

Set　free　from　the　impossible　task　of　administering　North　America　on　the　absolutist　system　which　the　Georges　would　fain　have　continued；　Great　Britain　found　herself　committed　to　the　duty　of　doing　for　India　what　Rome　had　done　for　Europe。　　England　was　compelled　to　surrender　the　free　West　to　her　own　children　only　that　she　might　raise　the　servile　and　idolatrous　East　to　such　a　Christian　level　as　the　genius　of　its　peoples　could　in　time　enable　them　to　work　out。　　But　it　took　the　thirty　years　from　1783　to　1813　to　convince　British　statesmen；　from　Pitt　to　Castlereagh；　that　India　is　to　be　civilised　not　according　to　its　own　false　systems；　but　by　truth　in　all　forms；　spiritual　and　moral；　scientific　and　historical。　　It　took　other　twenty　years；　to　the　Charter　of　1833；　to　complete　the　conversion　of　the　British　Parliament　to　the　belief　that　the　principles　of　truth　and　freedom　are　in　their　measure　as　good　for　the　East　as　for　the　West。　At　the　beginning　of　this　new　period　William　Pitt　based　his　motion　for　Parliamentary　reform　on　this　fact；　that　〃our　senators　are　no　longer　the　representatives　of　British　virtue　but　of　the　vices　and　pollutions　of　the　East。〃　At　the　close　of　it　Lord　William　Bentinck；　Macaulay；　and　Duff；　co…operated　in　the　decree　which　made　truth；　as　most　completely　revealed　through　the　English　language　and　literature；　the　medium　of　India's　enlightenment。　　William　Carey's　career　of　fifty　years；　from　his　baptism　in　1783　and　the　composition　of　his　Enquiry　to　his　death　in　1834；　covered　and　influenced　more　than　any　other　one　man's　the　whole　time；　and　he　represented　in　it　an　element　of　permanent　healthy　nationalisation　which　these　successors　overlooked；the　use　of　the　languages　of　the　peoples　of　India　as　the　only　literary　channels　for　allowing　the　truth　revealed　through　English　to　reach　the　millions　of　the　people。

It　was　by　this　means　that　Carey　educated　Great　Britain　and　America　to　rise　equal　to　the　terrible　trust　of　jointly　creating　a　Christian　Empire　of　India；　and　ultimately　a　series　of　self…governing　Christian　nations　in　Southern　and　Eastern　Asia。　He　consciously　and　directly　roused　the　Churches　of　all　names　to　carry　out　the　commission　of　their　Master；　and　to　seek　the　promised　impulse　of　His　Spirit　or　Divine　Representative　on　earth；　that　they　might　do　greater　things　than　even　those　which　He　did。　　And　he；　less　directly　but　not　less　consciously；　brought　the　influence　of　public　opinion；　which　every　year　purified　and　quickened；　to　bear　upon　Parliament　and　upon　individual　statesmen；　aided　in　this　up　till　1815　by　Andrew　Fuller。　He　never　set　foot　in　England　again；　and　the　influence　of　his　brethren　Ward　and　Marshman　during　their　visits　was　largely　neutralised　by　some　leaders　of　their　own　church。　　But　Carey's　character　and　career；　his　letters　and　writings；　his　work　and　whole　personality；　stood　out　in　England；　Scotland；　and　America　as　the　motive　power　which　stimulated　every　church　and　society；　and　won　the　triumph　of　toleration　in　the　charter　of　1813；　of　humanity；　education；　and　administrative　reform　in　the　legislation　of　Lord　William　Bentinck。

We　have　already　seen　how　the　immediate　result　of　Carey's　early　letters　was　the　foundation　on　a　catholic　basis　of　the　London　Missionary　Society；　which　now　represents　the　great　Nonconformist　half　of　England；　of　the　Edinburgh　or　Scottish　and　Glasgow　Societies；　through　which　the　Presbyterians　sent　forth　missionaries　to　West　and　South　Africa　and　to　Western　India；　until　their　churches　acted　as　such；　of　the　Church　Missionary　Society　which　the　evangelical　members　of　the　Church　of　England　have　put　in　the　front　of　all　the　societies；　and　of　Robert　Haldane's　splendid　self…sacrifice　in　selling　all　that　he　had　to　lead　a　large　Presbyterian　mission　to　Hindostan。　　Soon　（1797）　the　London　Society　became　the　parent　of　that　of　the　Netherlands；　and　of　that　which　is　one　of　the　most　extensive　in　Christendom；　the　American　Board　of　Commissioners　for　Foreign　Missions。　　The　latter；　really　founded　（1810）　by　Judson　and　some　of　his　fellow…students；　gave　birth　（1814）　to　the　almost　equally　great　American　Baptist　Union　when　Judson　and　his　colleague　became　Baptists；　and　the　former　was　sent　by　Carey　to　Burma。　　The　Religious　Tract　Society　（1799）；　and　the　British　and　Foreign　Bible　Society　（1804）each　a　handmaid　of　the　missionary　agenciessprang　as　really　though　less　directly　from　Carey's　action。　　Such　organised　efforts　to　bring　in　heathen　and　Mohammedan　peoples　led　in　1809　to　the　at　first　catholic　work　begun　by　the　London　Society　for　promoting　Christianity　among　the　Jews。　The　older　Wesleyan　Methodist　and　Gospel　Propagation　Societies；　catching　the　enthusiasm　as　Carey　succeeded　in　opening　India　and　the　East；　entered　on　a　new　development　under　which　the　former　in　1813；　and　the　latter　in　1821；　no　longer　confined　their　operations　to　the　slaves　of　America　and　the　English　of　the　dispersion　in　the　colonies　and　dependencies　of　Great　Britain。　　In　1815　Lutheran　Germany　also；　which　had　cast　out　the　Pietists　and　the　Moravian　brethren　as　the　Church　of　England　had　rejected　the　Wesleyans；　founded　the　principal　representative　of　its　evangelicalism　at　Basel。　　The　succeeding　years　up　to　Carey's　death　saw　similar　missionary　centres　formed；　or　reorganised；　in　Leipzig　（1819）；　Berlin　（1823）；　and　Bremen　（1836）。23

The　Periodical　Accounts　sent　home　from　Mudnabati　and　Serampore；　beginning　at　the　close　of　1794；　and　the　Monthly　Circular　Letters　after　1807；　gave　birth　not　only　to　these　great　missionary　movements　but　to　th