the conquest of new france-第2章

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miles　above　Montreal。　On　the　night　of　August　4；　1689；　fourteen

hundred　Iroquois　burst　in　on　the　village　and　a　wild　orgy　of

massacre　followed。　All　Canada　was　in　a　panic。　Some　weeks　later

Frontenac　arrived　at　Quebec　and　took　command。　To　the　old　soldier；

now　in　his　seventieth　year；　his　hard　task　was　not　uncongenial。　He

had　fought　the　savage　Iroquois　before　and　the　no　less　savage

Turk。　He　belonged　to　that　school　of　military　action　which　knows

no　scruple　in　its　methods；　and　he　was　prepared　to　make　war　with

all　the　frightfulness　practised　by　the　savages　themselves。　His

resolute；　blustering　demeanor　was　well　fitted　to　impress　the　red

men　of　the　forest；　for　an　imperious　eye　will　sometimes　cow　an

Indian　as　well　as　a　lion；　and　Frontenac's　mien　was　imperious。　In

his　life　in　court　and　camp　he　had　learned　how　to　command。



The　English　in　New　York　had　professed　to　be　brothers　to　the

Iroquois　and　had　called　them　by　that　name。　This　title　of

equality；　however；　Frontenac　would　not　yield。　Kings　speak　of　〃my

people〃；　Frontenac　spoke　to　the　Indians　not　as　his　brothers　but

as　his　children　and　as　children　of　the　great　King　whom　he　served。

He　was　their　father；　their　protector；　the　disposer　and　controller

of　mighty　reserves　of　power；　who　loved　and　cared　for　those

putting　their　trust　in　him。　He　could　unbend　to　play　with　their

children　and　give　presents　to　their　squaws。　At　times　he　seemed

patient；　gentle；　and　forgiving。　At　times；　too；　he　swaggered　and

boasted　in　terms　which　the　event　did　not　always　justify。



La　Potherie；　a　cultivated　Frenchman　in　Canada　during　Frontenac's

regime；　describes　an　amazing　scene　at　Montreal；　which　seems　to

show　that；　whether　Frontenac　recognized　the　title　or　not；　he　had

qualities　which　made　him　the　real　brother　of　the　savages。　In　1690

Huron　and　other　Indian　allies　of　the　French　had　come　from　the　far

interior　to　trade　and　also　to　consider　the　eternal　question　of

checking　the　Iroquois。　At　the　council；　which　began　with　grave

decorum；　a　Huron　orator　begged　the　French　to　make　no　terms　with

the　Iroquois。　Frontenac　answered　in　the　high　tone　which　he　could

so　well　assume。　He　would　fight　them　until　they　should　humbly

crave　peace；　he　would　make　with　them　no　treaty　except　in　concert

with　his　Indian　allies；　whom　he　would　never　fail　in　fatherly

care。　To　impress　the　council　by　the　reality　of　his　oneness　with

the　Indians；　Frontenac　now　seized　a　tomahawk　and　brandished　it　in

the　air　shouting　at　the　same　time　the　Indian　war…song。　The　whole

assembly；　French　and　Indians；　joined　in　a　wild　orgy　of　war

passion；　and　the　old　man　of　seventy；　fresh　from　the　court　of

Louis　XIV；　led　in　the　war…dance；　yelled　with　the　Indians　their

savage　war…whoops；　danced　round　the　circle　of　the　council；　and

showed　himself　in　spirit　a　brother　of　the　wildest　of　them。　This

was　good　diplomacy。　The　savages　swore　to　make　war　to　the　end

under　his　lead。　Many　a　frontier　outrage；　many　a　village　attacked

in　the　dead　of　night　and　burned；　amidst　bloody　massacre　of　its

few　toil…worn　settlers；　was　to　be　the　result　of　that　strange

mingling　of　Europe　with　wild　America。　



Frontenac's　task　was　to　make　war　on　the　English　and　their

Iroquois　allies。　He　had　before　him　the　King's　instructions　as　to

the　means　for　effecting　this。　The　King　aimed　at　nothing　less　than

the　conquest　of　the　English　colonies　in　America。　In　1664　the

English；　by　a　sudden　blow　in　time　of　peace；　had　captured　New

Netherland；　the　Dutch　colony　on　the　Hudson；　which　then　became　New

York。　Now；　a　quarter　of　a　century　later；　France　thought　to　strike

a　similar　blow　against　the　English；　and　Louis　XIV　was　resolved

that　the　conquest　should　be　thoroughgoing。　The　Dutch　power　had

fallen　before　a　meager　naval　force。　The　English　now　would　have　to

face　one　much　more　formidable。　Two　French　ships　were　to　cross　the

sea　and　to　lie　in　wait　near　New　York。　Meanwhile　from　Canada；

sixteen　hundred　armed　men；　a　thousand　of　them　French　regular

troops；　were　to　advance　by　land　into　the　heart　of　the　colony；

seize　Albany　and　all　the　boats　there　available；　and　descend　by

the　Hudson　to　New　York。　The　warships；　hovering　off　the　coast；

would　then　enter　New　York　harbor　at　the　same　time　that　the　land

forces　made　their　attack。　The　village；　for　it　was　hardly　more

than　this；　contained；　as　the　French　believed；　only　some　two

hundred　houses　and　four　hundred　fighting　men　and　it　was　thought

that　a　month　would　suffice　to　complete　this　whole　work　of

conquest。　Once　victors；　the　French　were　to　show　no　pity。　All

private　property；　but　that　of　Catholics；　was　to　be　confiscated。

Catholics；　whether　English　or　Dutch；　were　to　be　left　undisturbed

if　not　too　numerous　and　if　they　would　take　the　oath　of　allegiance

to　Louis　XIV　and　show　some　promise　of　keeping　it。　Rich

Protestants　were　to　be　held　for　ransom。　All　the　other

inhabitants；　except　those　whom　the　French　might　find　useful　for

their　own　purposes；　were　to　be　driven　out　of　the　colony；　homeless

wanderers；　to　be　scattered　far　so　that　they　could　not　combine　to

recover　what　they　had　lost。　With　New　York　taken；　New　England

would　be　so　weakened　that　in　time　it　too　would　fall。　Such　was　the

plan　of　conquest　which　came　from　the　brilliant　chambers　at

Versailles。



New　York　did　not　fall。　The　expedition　so　carefully　planned　came

to　nothing。　Frontenac　had　never　shown　much　faith　in　the

enterprise。　At　Quebec；　on　his　arrival　in　the　autumn　of　1689；　he

was　planning　something　less　ideally　perfect；　but　certain　to

produce　results。　The　scarred　old　courtier　intended　so　to

terrorize　the　English　that　they　should　make　no　aggressive

advance；　to　encourage　the　French　to　believe　themselves　superior

to　their　rivals；　and；　above　all；　to　prove　to　the　Indian　tribes

that　prudence　dictated　alliance　with　the　French　and　not　with　the

English。



Frontenac　wrote　a　tale　of　blood。　There　were　three　war　parties；

one　set　out　from　Montreal　against　New　York；　and　one　from　Three

Rivers　and　one　from　Quebec　against　the　frontier　settlements　of

New　Hampshire　and　Maine。　To　describe　one　is　to　describe　all。　A

band　of　one　hundred　and　sixty　Frenchmen；　with　nearly　as　many

Indians；　gathers　at　Montreal　in　mid…winter。　The　ground　is　deep

with　snow　and　they　troop　on　snowshoes　across　the　white　wastes。

Dragging　on　sleds　the　needed　supplies；　they　march　up　the

Richelieu　River　and　over　the　frozen　surface　of　Lake　Champlain。　As

they　advance　with　caution　into　the　colony　of　New　York　they　suffer

terribly；　now　from　bitter　cold；　now　from　thaws　which　make　the

soft　trail　almost　impassable。　On　a　February　night　their　scouts

tell　them　that　they　are　near　Schenectady；　on　the　English

frontier。　There　are　young　members　of　the　Canadian　noblesse　in　the

party。　In　the　dead　of　night　they　creep　up　to　the　paling　which

surrounds　the　village。　The　signal　is　given　and　the　village　is

awakened　by　the　terrible　war…whoop。　Doors　are　smashed　by　axes　and

hatchets；　and　women　and　children　are　killed　as　they　lie　in　bed；

or　kneel；　shrieking　for　mercy。　Houses　are　set　on　fire　and　living

human　beings　are　thrown　into　the　flames。　By　midday　the　assailants

have　finished　their　dread　work　and　are　retreating　along　the

forest　paths　dragging　with　them　a　few　miserable　captives。　In　this

winter　of　1689…90　raiding　parties　also　came　back　from　the　borders

of　New　Hampshire　and　of　Maine　with　news　of　similar　exploits；　and

Quebec　and　Montreal　glowed　with　the　joy　of　victory。



Far　away　an　answering　attack　was　soon　on　foot。　Sir　William　Phips

of　Massachusetts；　the　son　of　a　poor　settler　on　the　Kennebec

River；　had　made　his　first　advance　in　life　by　taking　up　the　trade

of　carpenter　in　Boston。　Only　when　grown　up　had　he　learned　to　read

and　write。　He　married　a　rich　wife；　and　ease　of　circumstances

freed　his　mind　for　great　designs。　Some　fifty　years　before　he　was

thus　relieved　of　material　cares；　a　Spanish　galleon　carrying　vast

wealth　had　been　wrecked　in　the　West　Indies。　Phips　now　planned　to

raise　the　ship　and　get　the　money。　For　this　enterprise　he　obtained

support　in　England　and　set　out　on　his　exacting　adventure。　On　the

voyage　his　crew　mutinied。　Armed　with　cutlasses；　they　told　Phips

that　he　must　turn　pirate　or　perish；　but　he　attacked　the　leader

with　his　fists　and　triumphed　by　sheer　strength　of　body　and　will。

A　second　mutiny　he　also　quelled；　and　then　took　his　ship　to

Jamaica　where　he　got　rid　of　its　worthless　crew。　His　enterprise

had　apparently　failed；　but　the　second　Duke　of　Albemarle　and　other

powerful　men　believed　in　him　and　helped　him　to　make　another

trial。　This　time　he　succeeded　in　finding　the　wreck　on　the　coast

of　Hispaniola；　and　took　possession　of　its　cargo　of　precious

metals　and　jewelstreasure　to　the　value　of　three　hundred

thousand　pounds　sterling。　Of　the　spoil　Phips　himself　received

sixteen　thousand　pounds；　a　great　fortune　for　a　New　Englander　in

those　days。　He　was　also　knighted　for　his　services　and；　in　the

end；　was　named　by　William　and　Mary　the　first　royal　Governor　of

Massachusetts。



Massachusetts；　whose　people　had　been　thoroughly　aroused　by　the

French　incursions；　resolved　to　retaliate　by　striking　at　the　heart

of　Canada　by　sea　and　to　take　Quebec。　Sir　William　Phips；　though

not　yet　made　Governor；　would　lead　the　expedition。　The　first　blow

fell　in　Acadia。　Phips　sailed　up　the　Bay　of　Fundy　and　on　May　11；

1690；　landed　a　force　before　Port　Royal。　The　French　Governor

surrendered　on　terms。　The　conquest　was　intended　to　be　final；　and

the　people　were　offered　their　lives　and　property　on　the　condition

of　taking；　the　oath　to　be　loyal　subjects　of　William　and　Mary。

This　many　of　them　did　and　were　left　unmolested。　It　was　a

bloodless　victory。　But　Phips；　the　Puritan　crusader；　was　something

of　a　pirate。　He　plundered　private　property　and　was　himself

accused　of　taking　not　merely　the　silver　forks　and　spoons　of　the

captive　Governor　but　even　his　wigs；　shirts；　garters；　and　night

caps。　The　Boston　Puritans　joyfully　pillaged　the　church　at　Port

Royal；　and　overturned　the　high　altar　and　the　images。　The　booty

was　considerable　and　by　the　end　of　May　Phips；　a　prosperous　hero；

was　back　in　Boston。　



Boston　was　aflame　with　zeal　to　go　on　and　conquer　Canada。　By　the

middle　of　August　Phips　had　set　out　on　the　long　sea　voyage　to

Quebec；　with　twenty…two　hundred　men；　a　great　force　for　a　colonial

enterprise　of　that　time；　and　in　all　some　forty　ships。　The　voyage

occupied　more　than　two　months。　Apparently　the　hardy

carpenter…sailor；　able　enough　to　carry　through　a　difficult

undertaking　with　a　single　ship；　lacked　the　organizing　skill　to

manage　a　great　expedition。　He　performed；　however；　the　feat　of

navigating　safely　with　his　fleet　the　treacherous　waters　of　the

lower　St。　Lawrence。　On　the　morning　of　October　16；　1690；　watchers

at　Quebec　saw　the　fleet；　concerning　which　they　had　already　been

warned；　rounding　the　head　of　the　Island　of　Orleans　and　sailing

into　the　broad　basin。　Breathless　spectators　counted　the　ships。

There　were　thirty…four　in　sight；　a　few　large　vessels；　some　mere

fishing　craft。　It　was　a　spectacle　wel