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  Pro。 Quite true。



  Soc。 And if badness attaches to any of them�察�Protarchus�察�then we



should speak of a bad opinion or of a bad pleasure��



  Pro。 Quite true�察�Socrates。



  Soc。 And if rightness attaches to any of them�察�should we not speak



of a right opinion or right pleasure�察�and in like manner of the



reverse of rightness��



  Pro。 Certainly。



  Soc。 And if the thing opined be erroneous�察�might we not say that



opinion�察�being erroneous�察�is not right or rightly opined��



  Pro。 Certainly。



  Soc。 And if we see a pleasure or pain which errs in respect of its



object�察�shall we call that right or good�察�or by any honourable name��



  Pro。 Not if the pleasure is mistaken�察�how could we��



  Soc。 And surely pleasure often appears to accompany an opinion which



is not true�察�but false��



  Pro。 Certainly it does�察�and in that case�察�Socrates�察�as we were



saying�察�the opinion is false�察�but no one could call the actual



pleasure false。



  Soc。 How eagerly�察�Protarchus�察�do you rush to the defence of



pleasure��



  Pro。 Nay�察�Socrates�察�I only repeat what I hear。



  Soc。 And is there no difference�察�my friend�察�between that pleasure



which is associated with right opinion and knowledge�察�and that which



is often found in all of us associated with falsehood and ignorance��



  Pro。 There must be a very great difference�察�between them。



  Soc。 Then�察�now let us proceed to contemplate this difference。



  Pro。 Lead�察�and I will follow。



  Soc。 Well�察�then�察�my view is´



  Pro。 What is it��



  Soc。 We agree´do we not�拭�that there is such a thing as false�察�and



also such a thing as true opinion��



  Pro。 Yes。



  Soc。 And pleasure and pain�察�as I was just now saying�察�are often



consequent upon these upon true and false opinion�察�I mean。



  Pro。 Very true。



  Soc。 And do not opinion and the endeavour to form an opinion



always spring from memory and perception��



  Pro。 Certainly。



  Soc。 Might we imagine the process to be something of this nature��



  Pro。 Of what nature��



  Soc。 An object may be often seen at a distance not very clearly�察�and



the seer may want to determine what it is which he sees。



  Pro。 Very likely。



  Soc。 Soon he begins to interrogate himself。



  Pro。 In what manner��



  Soc。 He asks himself´;What is that which appears to be standing by



the rock under the tree�拭─�This is the question which he may be



supposed to put to himself when he sees such an appearance。



  Pro。 True。



  Soc。 To which he may guess the right answer�察�saying as if in a



whisper to himself´;It is a man。;



  Pro。 Very good。



  Soc。 Or again�察�he may be misled�察�and then he will say´;No�察�it is a



figure made by the shepherds。;



  Pro。 Yes。



  Soc。 And if he has a companion�察�he repeats his thought to him in



articulate sounds�察�and what was before an opinion�察�has now become a



proposition。



  Pro。 Certainly。



  Soc。 But if he be walking alone when these thoughts occur to him�察�he



may not unfrequently keep them in his mind for a considerable time。



  Pro。 Very true。



  Soc。 Well�察�now�察�I wonder whether�察�you would agree in my



explanation of this phenomenon。



  Pro。 What is your explanation��



  Soc。 I think that the soul at such times is like a book。



  Pro。 How so��



  Soc。 Memory and perception meet�察�and they and their attendant



feelings seem to almost to write down words in the soul�察�and when



the inscribing feeling writes truly�察�then true opinion and true



propositions which are the expressions of opinion come into our



souls´but when the scribe within us writes falsely�察�the result is



false。



  Pro。 I quite assent and agree to your statement their



  Soc。 I must bespeak your favour also for another artist�察�who is busy



at the same time in the chambers of the soul。



  Pro。 Who is he��



  Soc。 The painter�察�who�察�after the scribe has done his work�察�draws



images in the soul of the things which he has described。



  Pro。 But when and how does he do this��



  Soc。 When a man�察�besides receiving from sight or some other sense



certain opinions or statements�察�sees in his mind the images of the



subjects of them�察�is not this a very common mental phenomenom��



  Pro。 Certainly。



  Soc。 And the images answering to true opinions and words are true��



and to false opinions and words false�察�are they not��



  Pro。 They are。



  Soc。 If we are right so far�察�there arises a further question。



  Pro。 What is it��



  Soc。 Whether we experience the feeling of which I am speaking only



in relation to the present and the past�察�or in relation to the



future also��



  Pro。 I should say in relation to all times alike。



  Soc。 Have not purely mental pleasures and pains been described



already as in some cases anticipations of the bodily ones�察�from



which we may infer that anticipatory pleasures and pains have to do



with the future��



  Pro。 Most true。



  Soc。 And do all those writings and paintings which�察�as we were



saying a little while ago�察�are produced in us�察�relate to the past



and present only�察�and not to the future��



  Pro。 To the future�察�very much。



  Soc。 When you say�察 �Very much�察─�you mean to imply that all these



representations are hopes about the future�察�and that mankind are



filled with�察�hopes in every stage of existence��



  Pro。 Exactly。



  Soc。 Answer me another question。



  Pro。 What question��



  Soc。 A just and pious and good man is the friend of the gods�察�is



he not��



  Pro。 Certainly he is。



  Soc。 And the unjust and utterly bad man is the reverse��



  Pro。 True。



  Soc。 And all men�察�as we were saying just now�察�are always filled with



hopes��



  Pro。 Certainly。



  Soc。 And these hopes�察�as they are termed�察�are propositions which



exist in the minds of each of us��



  Pro。 Yes。



  Soc。 And the fancies of hope are also pictured in us�察�a man may



often have a vision of a heap of gold�察�and pleasures ensuing�察�and in



the picture there may be a likeness of himself mightily rejoicing over



his good fortune。



  Pro。 True。



  Soc。 And may we not say that the good�察�being friends of the gods��



have generally true pictures presented to them�察�and the bad false



pictures��



  Pro。 Certainly。



  Soc。 The bad�察�too�察�have pleasures painted in their fancy as well



as the good�察�but I presume that they are false pleasures。



  Pro。 They are。



  Soc。 The bad then commonly delight in false pleasures�察�and the



good in true pleasures��



  Pro。 Doubtless。



  Soc。 Then upon this view there are false pleasures in the souls of



men which are a ludicrous imitation of the true�察�and there are pains



of a similar character��



  Pro。 There are。



  Soc。 And did we not allow that a man who had an opinion at all had a



real opinion�察�but often about things which had no existence either



in the past�察�present�察�or future��



  Pro。 Quite true。



  Soc。 And this was the source of false opinion and opining�察�am I



not right��



  Pro。 Yes。



  Soc。 And must we not attribute to pleasure and pain a similar real



but illusory character��



  Pro。 How do you mean��



  Soc。 I mean to say that a man must be admitted to have real



pleasure�察�who is pleased with anything or anyhow�察�and he may be



pleased about things which neither have nor have ever had any real



existence�察�and�察�more often than not�察�are never likely to exist。



  Pro。 Yes�察�Socrates�察�that again is undeniable。



  Soc。 And may not the same be said about fear and anger and the like��



are they not often false��



  Pro。 Quite so。



  Soc。 And can opinions be good or bad except in as far as they are



true or false��



  Pro。 In no other way。



  Soc。 Nor can pleasures be conceived to be bad except in so far as



they are false。



  Pro。 Nay�察�Socrates�察�that is the very opposite of truth�察�for no one



would call pleasures and pains bad because they are false�察�but by



reason of some other great corruption to which they are liable。



  Soc。 Well�察�of pleasures which are and caused by corruption we will



hereafter speak�察�if we care to continue the enquiry�察�for the present I



would rather show by another argument that there are many false



pleasures existing or coming into existence in us�察�because this may



assist our final decision。



  Pro。 Very true�察�that is to say�察�if there are such pleasures。



  Soc。 I think that there are�察�Protarchus�察�but this is an opinion



which should be well assured�察�and not rest upon a mere assertion。



  Pro。 Very good。



  Soc。 Then now�察�like wrestlers�察�let us approach and grasp this new



argument。



  Pro。 Proceed。



  Soc。 We were maintaining a little while since�察�that when desires�察�as



they are termed�察�exist in us�察�then the body has separate feelings



apart from the soul´do you remember��



  Pro。 Yes�察�I remember that you said so。



  Soc。 And the soul was supposed to desire the opposite of the



bodily state�察�while the body was the source of any pleasure or pain



which was experienced。



  Pro。 True。



  Soc。 Then now you may infer what happens in such cases。



  Pro。 What am I to infer��



  Soc。 That in such cases pleasure and pains come simultaneously��



and there is a juxtaposition of the opposite sensations which



correspond to them�察�as has been already shown。



  Pro。 Clearly。



  Soc。 And there is another point to which we have agreed。



  Pro。 What is it��



  Soc。 That pleasure and pain both admit of more and less�察�and that



they are of the class of infinites。



  Pro。 Certainly�察�we said so。



  Soc。 But how can we rightly judge of them��



  Pro。 How can we��



  Soc。 It is our intention to judge of their comparative importance



and intensity�察�measuring pleasure against pain�察�and pain against pain��



and pleasure against pleasure��



  Pro。 Yes�察�such is our intention�察�and we shall judge of them



accordingly。



  Soc。 Well�察�take the case of sight。 Does not the nearness or distance



of magnitudes obscure their true proportions�察�and make us opine



falsely�察�and do we not find the same illusion happening in the case of



pleasures and pains��



  Pro。 Yes�察�Socrates�察�and in a degree far greater。



  Soc。 Then what we are now saying is the opposite of what we were



saying before。



  Pro。 What was that��



  Soc。 Then the opinions were true and false�察�and infected the



pleasures and pains with their own falsity。



  Pro。 Very true。



  Soc。 But now it is the pleasures which are said to be true and false



because they are seen at various distances�察�and subjected to



comparison�察�the pleasures appear to be greater and more vehement



when placed side by side with the pains�察�and the pains when placed



side by side with the pleasures。



  Pro。 Certainly�察�and for the reason which you mention。



  Soc。 And suppose you part off from pleasures and pains the element



which makes them appear to b

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