industrial biography-第42章

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the　greatest　importance　in　tool　and　machine　making。　　Nothing　pleased

him　more　in　his　after　life　than　to　be　set　to　work　upon　an　unusual

piece　of　forging；　and　to　overcome；　as　none　could　do　so　cleverly　as

he；　the　difficulties　which　it　presented。　　The　pride　of　art　was　as

strong　in　him　as　it　must　have　been　in　the　mediaeval　smiths；　who

turned　out　those　beautiful　pieces　of　workmanship　still　regarded　as

the　pride　of　our　cathedrals　and　old　mansions。　　In　Maudslay's　case；　his

dexterity　as　a　smith　was　eventually　directed　to　machinery；　rather

than　ornamental　work；　though；　had　the　latter　been　his　line　of　labour；

we　do　not　doubt　that　he　would　have　reached　the　highest　distinction。



The　manual　skill　which　our　young　blacksmith　had　acquired　was　such　as

to　give　him　considerable　reputation　in　his　craft；　and　he　was　spoken

of　even　in　the　London　shops　as　one　of　the　most　dexterous　hands　in　the

trade。　　It　was　this　circumstance　that　shortly　after　led　to　his　removal

from　the　smithy　in　Woolwich　Arsenal　to　a　sphere　more　suitable　for　the

development　of　his　mechanical　ability。



We　have　already　stated　in　the　preceding　memoir；　that　Joseph　Bramah

took　out　the　first　patent　for　his　lock　in　1784；　and　a　second　for　its

improvement　several　years　later；　but　notwithstanding　the　acknowledged

superiority　of　the　new　lock　over　all　others；　Bramah　experienced　the

greatest　difficulty　in　getting　it　manufactured　with　sufficient

precision；　and　at　such　a　price　as　to　render　it　an　article　of

extensive　commerce。　　This　arose　from　the　generally　inferior　character

of　the　workmanship　of　that　day；　as　well　as　the　clumsiness　and

uncertainty　of　the　tools　then　in　use。　　Bramah　found　that　even　the　best

manual　dexterity　was　not　to　be　trusted；　and　yet　it　seemed　to　be　his

only　resource；　for　machine…tools　of　a　superior　kind　had　not　yet　been

invented。　　In　this　dilemma　he　determined　to　consult　an　ingenious　old

German　artisan；　then　working　with　William　Moodie；　a　general

blacksmith　in　Whitechapel。　　This　German　was　reckoned　one　of　the　most

ingenious　workmen　in　London　at　the　time。　　Bramah　had　several　long

interviews　with　him；　with　the　object　of　endeavouring　to　solve　the

difficult　problem　of　how　to　secure　precise　workmanship　in

lock…making。　　But　they　could　not　solve　it；　they　saw　that　without

better　tools　the　difficulty　was　insuperable；　and　then　Bramah　began　to

fear　that　his　lock　would　remain　a　mere　mechanical　curiosity；　and　be

prevented　from　coming　into　general　use。



He　was　indeed　sorely　puzzled　what　next　to　do；　when　one　of　the

hammermen　in　Moodie's　shop　ventured　to　suggest　that　there　was　a　young

man　in　the　Woolwich　Arsenal　smithy；　named　Maudslay；　who　was　so

ingenious　in　such　matters　that　〃nothing　bet　him；〃　and　he　recommended

that　Mr。　Bramah　should　have　a　talk　with　him　upon　the　subject　of　his

difficulty。　　Maudslay　was　at　once　sent　for　to　Bramah's　workshop；　and

appeared　before　the　lock…maker；　a　tall；　strong；　comely　young　fellow；

then　only　eighteen　years　old。　　Bramah　was　almost　ashamed　to　lay　his

case　before　such　a　mere　youth；　but　necessity　constrained　him　to　try

all　methods　of　accomplishing　his　object；　and　Maudslay's　suggestions

in　reply　to　his　statement　of　the　case　were　so　modest；　so　sensible；

and　as　the　result　proved；　so　practical；　that　the　master　was

constrained　to　admit　that　the　lad　before　him　had　an　old　head　though

set　on　young　shoulders。　　Bramah　decided　to　adopt　the　youth's

suggestions；　made　him　a　present　on　the　spot；　and　offered　to　give　him

a　job　if　he　was　willing　to　come　and　work　in　a　town　shop。　　Maudslay

gladly　accepted　the　offer；　and　in　due　time　appeared　before　Bramah　to

enter　upon　his　duties。



As　Maudslay　had　served　no　regular　apprenticeship；　and　was　of　a　very

youthful　appearance；　the　foreman　of　the　shop　had　considerable　doubts

as　to　his　ability　to　take　rank　alongside　his　experienced　hands。　　But

Maudslay　soon　set　his　master's　and　the　foreman's　mind　at　rest。

Pointing　to　a　worn…out　vice…bench；　he　said　to　Bramah；　〃Perhaps　if　I

can　make　that　as　good　as　new　by　six　o'clock　to…night；　it　will　satisfy

your　foreman　that　I　am　entitled　to　rank　as　a　tradesman　and　take　my

place　among　your　men；　even　though　I　have　not　served　a　seven　years'

apprenticeship。〃　　There　was　so　much　self…reliant　ability　in　the

proposal；　which　was　moreover　so　reasonable；　that　it　was　at　once

acceded　to。　　Off　went　Maudslay's　coat；　up　went　his　shirt　sleeves；　and

to　work　he　set　with　a　will　upon　the　old　bench。　　The　vice…jaws　were

re…steeled　〃in　no　time；〃　filed　up；　re…cut；　all　the　parts　cleaned　and

made　trim；　and　set　into　form　again。　　By　six　o'clock；　the　old　vice　was

screwed　up　to　its　place；　its　jaws　were　hardened　and　〃let　down〃　to

proper　temper；　and　the　old　bench　was　made　to　look　so　smart　and　neat

that　it　threw　all　the　neighbouring　benches　into　the　shade！　　Bramah　and

his　foreman　came　round　to　see　it；　while　the　men　of　the　shop　looked

admiringly　on。　　It　was　examined　and　pronounced　〃a　first…rate　job。〃

This　diploma　piece　of　work　secured　Maudslay's　footing；　and　next

Monday　morning　he　came　on　as　one　of　the　regular　hands。



He　soon　took　rank　in　the　shop　as　a　first…class　workman。　　Loving　his

art；　he　aimed　at　excellence　in　it；　and　succeeded。　　For　it　must　be

understood　that　the　handicraftsman　whose　heart　is　in　his　calling；

feels　as　much　honest　pride　in　turning　out　a　piece　of　thoroughly　good

workmanship；　as　the　sculptor　or　the　painter　does　in　executing　a

statue　or　a　picture。　　In　course　of　time；　the　most　difficult　and

delicate　jobs　came　to　be　entrusted　to　Maudslay；　and　nothing　gave　him

greater　pleasure　than　to　be　set　to　work　upon　an　entirely　new　piece　of

machinery。　　And　thus　he　rose；　naturally　and　steadily；　from　hand　to

head　work。　　For　his　manual　dexterity　was　the　least　of　his　gifts。　　He

possessed　an　intuitive　power　of　mechanical　analysis　and　synthesis。　　He

had　a　quick　eye　to　perceive　the　arrangements　requisite　to　effect

given　purposes；　and　whenever　a　difficulty　arose；　his　inventive　mind

set　to　work　to　overcome　it。



His　fellow…workmen　were　not　slow　to　recognise　his　many　admirable

qualities；　of　hand；　mind；　and　heart；　and　he　became　not　only　the

favourite；　but　the　hero　of　the　shop。　　Perhaps　he　owed　something　to　his

fine　personal　appearance。　　Hence　on　gala…days；　when　the　men　turned　out

in　procession；　〃Harry〃　was　usually　selected　to　march　at　their　head

and　carry　the　flag。　　His　conduct　as　a　son；　also；　was　as　admirable　as

his　qualities　as　a　workman。　　His　father　dying　shortly　after　Maudslay

entered　Bramah's　concern；　he　was　accustomed　to　walk　down　to　Woolwich

every　Saturday　night；　and　hand　over　to　his　mother；　for　whom　he　had

the　tenderest　regard；　a　considerable　share　of　his　week's　wages；　and

this　he　continued　to　do　as　long　as　she　lived。



Notwithstanding　his　youth；　he　was　raised　from　one　post　to　another；

until　he　was　appointed；　by　unanimous　consent；　the　head　foreman　of　the

works；　and　was　recognised　by　all　who　had　occasion　to　do　business

there　as　〃Bramah's　right…hand　man。〃　　He　not　only　won　the　heart　of　his

master；　butwhat　proved　of　far　greater　importance　to　himhe　also

won　the　heart　of　his　master's　pretty　housemaid；　Sarah　Tindel　by　name；

whom　he　married；　and　she　went　hand…in…hand　with　him　through　life；　an

admirable　〃help　meet；〃　in　every　way　worthy　of　the　noble　character　of

the　great　mechanic。　　Maudslay　was　found　especially　useful　by　his

master　in　devising　the　tools　for　making　his　patent　locks；　and　many

were　the　beautiful　contrivances　which　he　invented　for　the　purpose　of

ensuring　their　more　accurate　and　speedy　manufacture；　with　a　minimum

degree　of　labour；　and　without　the　need　of　any　large　amount　of　manual

dexterity　on　the　part　of　the　workman。　　The　lock　was　so　delicate　a

machine；　that　the　identity　of　the　several　parts　of　which　it　was

composed　was　found　to　be　an　absolute　necessity。　　Mere　handicraft；

however　skilled；　could　not　secure　the　requisite　precision　of

workmanship；　nor　could　the　parts　be　turned　out　in　sufficient　quantity

to　meet　any　large　demand。　　It　was　therefore　requisite　to　devise

machine…tools　which　should　not　blunder；　nor　turn　out　imperfect

work；　machines；　in　short；　which　should　be　in　a　great　measure

independent　of　the　want　of　dexterity　of　individual　workmen；　but　which

should　unerringly　labour　in　their　prescribed　track；　and　do　the　work

set　them；　even　in　the　minutest　details；　after　the　methods　designed　by

their　inventor。　　In　this　department　Maudslay　was　eminently　successful；

and　to　his　laborious　ingenuity；　as　first　displayed　in　Bramah's

workshops；　and　afterwards　in　his　own　establishment；　we　unquestionably

owe　much　of　the　power　and　accuracy　of　our　present　self…acting

machines。



Bramah　himself　was　not　backward　in　admitting　that　to　Henry　Maudslay's

practical　skill　in　contriving　the　machines　for　manufacturing　his

locks　on　a　large　scale；　the　success　of　his　invention　was　in　a　great

degree　attributable。　　In　further　proof　of　his　manual　dexterity；　it　may

be　mentioned　that　he　constructed　with　his　own　hands　the　identical

padlock　which　so　severely　tested　the　powers　of　Mr。　Hobbs　in　1851。　　And

when　it　is　considered　that　the　lock　had　been　made　for　more　than　half

a　century；　and　did　not　embody　any　of　the　modern　improvements；　it　will

perhaps　be　regarded　not　only　as　creditable　to　the　principles　on　which

it　was　constructed；　but　to　the　workmanship　of　its　maker；　that　it

should　so　long　have　withstood　the　various　mechanical　dexterity　to

which　it　was　exposed。



Besides　the　invention　of　improved　machine…tools　for　the　manufacture

of　locks；　Maudslay　was　of　further　service　to　Bramah　in　applying　the

expedient　to　his　famous　Hydraulic　Press；　without　which　it　would

probably　have　remained　an　impracticable　though　a　highly　ingenious

machine。　　As　in　other　instances　of　great　inventions；　the　practical

success　of　the　whole　is　often　found　to　depend　upon　the　action　of　some

apparently　trifling　detail。　　This　was　especially　the　case　with　the

hydraulic　press；　to　which　Maudslay　added　the　essential　feature　of　the

self…tightening　collar；　above　described　in　the　memoir　of　Bramah。　　Mr。

James　Nasmyth　is　our　authority　for　ascribing　this　invention　to

Maudslay；　who　was　certainly　quite　competent　to　have　made　it；　and　it

is　a　matter　of　fact　that　Bramah's　specification　of　the　press　says

nothing　of　the　hollow　collar；*

　＇footnote。。。

The　words　Bramah　uses　in　describing　this　part　of　his　patent　of　1795

are　these〃The　piston　must　be　made　perfectly　watertight　by　leather

or　other　materials；　as　used　in　pump…making。〃　　He　elsewhere　speaks　of

the　piston…rod　〃working　through　the　stuffing…box。〃　　But　in　practice；

as　we　have　above　shown；　these　methods　were　found　to　be　altogether

inefficient。

　。。。＇

on　which　its　efficient　action　mainly　depends。　　Mr。　Nasmyth

says〃Maudslay　himself　told　me；　or　led　me　to　believe；　that　it　was　he

who　invented　the　self…tightening　collar　for　the　hydraulic　press；

without　which　it　would　never　have　been　a　serviceable　machine。　　As　the

self…tightening　collar　is　to　the　hydraulic　press；　so　is　the

steamblast　to　the