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on the improvement of the understanding(戻互堋響嬬薦)-及7嫗


梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




thinking   being�察  �as   seems�察  �prima   facie�察  �to   be   the   case�察  �to   form   true   or 

adequate thoughts�察�it is plain that inadequate ideas arise in us only because 

we are parts of a thinking being�察�whose thoughts ´ some in their entirety�察�

others in fragments only ´ constitute our mind。 

     ��74�А    。�1�� But there is another point to be considered�察�which was not 

worth     raising    in  the   case   of   fiction�察  �but   which     give   rise  to   complete 

deception ´ namely�察�that   certain things presented   to the   imagination   also 

exist   in   the   understanding   ´   in   other   words�察  �are   conceived   clearly   and 

distinctly。     ��2�� Hence�察�so long as we do not separate that which is distinct 

from   that   which   is   confused�察  �certainty�察  �or   the   true   idea�察  �becomes   mixed 

with indistinct ideas。         ��3�� For instance�察�certain Stoics heard�察�perhaps�察�the 

term   ;soul�察─    �and    also   that  the   soul   is  immortal�察     �yet  imagined      it  only 

confusedly�察  �they   imaged�察  �also�察  �and   understood   that   very   subtle   bodies 

penetrate   all   others�察  �and   are   penetrated   by   none。       ��74��4��   By   combining 

these ideas�察�and being at the same time certain of the truth of the axiom�察�

they   forthwith   became   convinced   that   the   mind   consists   of   very   subtle 

bodies�察�that these very subtle bodies cannot be divided &c。 

     ��75�А    。�1�� But we are freed from mistakes of this kind�察�so long as we 

endeavor to examine all our perceptions by the standard of the given true 

idea。      ��2��    We    must    take    care�察  �as   has    been    said�察  �to   separate     such 

perceptions       from    all   those    which     arise   from    hearsay     or   unclassified 

experience。         ��3��    Moreover�察      �such    mistakes      arise    from    things     being 

conceived too much in the abstract�察�for it is sufficiently self´evident that 

what   I   conceive   as   in   its   true   object   I   cannot   apply   to   anything   else。 

��75��4��   Lastly�察  �they   arise   from   a   want   of   understanding   of   the   primary 



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elements of nature as a whole�察�whence we proceed without due order�察�and 

confound nature with abstract rules�察�which�察�although they be true enough 

in   their   sphere�察  �yet�察  �when   misapplied�察  �confound   themselves�察  �and   pervert 

the order of nature。        ��5�� However�察�if we proceed with as little abstraction 

as possible�察�and begin from primary elements ´ that is�察�from the source and 

origin   of   nature�察  �as   far   back   as   we   can   reach�察   �   we   need   not   fear   any 

deceptions of this kind。 

     ��76�А。�1�� As far as the knowledge of the origin of nature is concerned�察�

there is no danger of our confounding it with abstractions。                   ��2�� For when 

a thing is conceived in the abstract�察�as are all universal notions�察�the said 

universal notions are always more extensive in the mind than the number 

of individuals forming their contents really existing in nature。                  ��3�� Again�察�

there are many things in nature�察�the difference between which is so slight 

as   to   be   hardly   perceptible   to   the   understanding�察  �so   that   it   may   readily 

happen   that   such   things   are   confounded   together�察  �if   they   be   conceived 

abstractedly。      ��4��   But   since   the   first   principle   of   nature   cannot   ��as   we 

shall   see   hereafter��   be   conceived   abstractedly   or   universally�察  �and   cannot 

extend   further   in   the   understanding   than   it   does   in   reality�察  �and   has   no 

likeness to mutable things�察�no confusion need be feared in respect to the 

idea of it�察�provided ��as before shown�� that we possess a standard of truth。 

��5�� This is�察�in fact�察�a being single and infinite ��76z�А。察�in other words�察�it is 

the sum total of being�察�beyond which there is no being found。 ��76a�А�

     ��77�А    。�1�� Thus far we have treated of the false idea。 We have now to 

investigate the doubtful idea ´ that is�察�to inquire what can cause us to doubt�察�

and how doubt may be removed。                ��2�� I speak of real doubt existing in the 

mind�察�not of such doubt as we see exemplified when a man says that he 

doubts�察�though his mind does not really hesitate。                 ��77��3�� The cure of the 

latter   does   not   fall   within   the   province   of   method�察  �it   belongs   rather   to 

inquiries concerning obstinacy and its cure。 

     ��78�А    。�1��   Real   doubt   is   never    produced     in   the  mind    by   the  thing 

doubted of。       ��2�� In other words�察�if there were only one idea in the mind�察�

whether that idea were true or false�察�there would be no doubt or certainty 

present�察�only a certain sensation。           ��3�� For an idea is in itself nothing else 

than a certain sensation。 ��4�� But doubt will arise through another idea�察�not 



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clear and distinct enough for us to be able to draw any certain conclusions 

with   regard   to   the   matter   under   consideration�察  �that   is�察  �the   idea   which 

causes us to doubt is not clear and distinct。 ��5�� To take an example。 ��78��6�� 

Supposing that a man has never reflected�察�taught by experience or by any 

other   means�察  �that   our   senses   sometimes   deceive   us�察  �he   will   never   doubt 

whether   the   sun   be   greater   or   less   than   it   appears。   ��7��   Thus   rustics   are 

generally astonished when they hear that the sun is much larger than the 

earth。   ��8��   But   from   reflection   on   the   deceitfulness   of   the   senses   ��78a�А�

doubt   arises�察  �and   if�察  �after   doubting�察  �we   acquire   a   true   knowledge   of   the 

senses�察    �and    how    things    at  a   distance    are   represented      through     their 

instrumentality�察�doubt is again removed。 

     ��79�А    。�1�� Hence we cannot cast doubt on true ideas by the supposition 

that there is a deceitful Deity�察�who   leads us astray even in what is   most 

certain。     ��2�� We can only hold such an hypothesis so long as we have no 

clear and distinct idea ´ in other words�察�until we reflect                   the knowledge 

which   we   have   of   the   first   principle   of   all   things�察  �and   find   that   which 

teaches us that God is not a deceiver�察�and until we know this with the same 

certainty as we know from reflecting on the are equal to two right angles。 

��3�� But if we have a knowledge of God equal to that which we have of a 

triangle�察�all doubt is removed。 ��79��4�� In the same way as we can arrive at 

the said knowledge of a triangle�察�though not absolutely sure that there is 

not    some    arch´deceiver      leading    us   astray�察  �so  can    we   come     to  a  like 

knowledge of God under the like condition�察�and when we have attained to 

it�察�it is sufficient�察�as I said before�察�to remove every doubt which we can 

possess concerning clear and distinct ideas。 

     ��80�А    。�1��   Thus�察  �if   a   man   proceeded   with   our   investigations   in   due 

order�察�inquiring first into those things which should first be inquired into�察�

never passing over a link in the chain of association�察�and with knowledge 

how to define his questions before seeking to answer them�察�he will never 

have any ideas save such as are very certain�察�or�察�in other words�察�clear and 

distinct�察  �for   doubt   is   only   a   suspension   of   the   spirit   concerning   some 

affirmation or negation which it would pronounce upon unhesitatingly if it 

were not in ignorance of something�察�without which the knowledge of the 

matter in hand must needs be imperfect。                ��2�� We may�察�therefore�察�conclude 



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that doubt always proceeds from want of due order in investigation。 

     ��81�А    。�1�� These are the points I promised to discuss in the first part of 

my treatise on method。           ��2�� However�察�in order not to omit anything which 

can conduce to the knowledge of the understanding and its faculties�察�I will 

add a few words on the subject of memory and forgetfulness。                             ��81��3�� 

The point most worthy of attention is�察�that memory is strengthened both 

with and without the aid of the understanding。 ��4�� For the more intelligible 

a thing is�察�the more easily is it remembered�察�and the less intelligible it is�察�

the    more     easily   do    we   forget    it。   ��5��    For   instance�察    �a  number      of 

unconnected   words   is   much   more   difficult   to   remember   than   the   same 

number in the form of a narration。 

     ��82�А    。�1��   The   memory   is   also   strengthened   without   the   aid   of   the 

understanding   by   means   of   the   power   wherewith   the   imagination   or   the 

sense called common�察�is affected by some particular physical object。                        ��2�� 

I say particular�察�for the imagination is only affected by particular objects。 

��3�� If we read�察�for instance�察�a single romantic comedy�察�we shall remember 

it very well�察�so long as we do not read many others of the same kind�察�for it 

will reign alone in the memory ��4�� If�察�however�察�we read several others of 

the same kind�察�we shall think of them altogether�察�and easily confuse one 

with another。 ��82��5�� I say also�察�physical。              ��6�� For the imagination is only 

affected   by   physical   objects。      ��7�� As�察  �then�察  �the   memory   is   strengthened 

both with and without the aid of the understanding�察�we may conclude that 

it is different from the understanding�察�and that in the latter considered in 

itself there is neither memory nor forgetfulness。 

     ��83�А。�1�� What�察�then�察�is memory�拭。�2�� It is nothing else than the actual 

sensation of impressions on the brain�察�accompanied with the thought of a 

definite     duration�察   。�83d�А  �of   the  sensation。     ��3��    This   is  also   shown     by 

reminiscence。        ��4��   For   then   we   think   of   the   sensation�察  �but   without   the 

notion   of   continuous   duration�察  �thus   the   idea   of   that   sensation   is   not   the 

actual duration of the sensation or actual memory。                  ��83��5�� Whether ideas 

are or are not subject to corruption will be seen in philosophy。                    ��6�� If this 

seems   too   absurd   to   anyone�察  �it   will   be   sufficient   for   our   purpose�察  �if   he 

reflect on the fact that a thing is more easily remembered in proportion to 

its   singularity�察  �as   appears   from   the   example   of   the   comedy   just   cited。 



                                              

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