on the improvement of the understanding(戻互堋響嬬薦)-及7嫗
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
thinking being�察 �as seems�察 �prima facie�察 �to be the case�察 �to form true or
adequate thoughts�察�it is plain that inadequate ideas arise in us only because
we are parts of a thinking being�察�whose thoughts ´ some in their entirety�察�
others in fragments only ´ constitute our mind。
��74�А 。�1�� But there is another point to be considered�察�which was not
worth raising in the case of fiction�察 �but which give rise to complete
deception ´ namely�察�that certain things presented to the imagination also
exist in the understanding ´ in other words�察 �are conceived clearly and
distinctly。 ��2�� Hence�察�so long as we do not separate that which is distinct
from that which is confused�察 �certainty�察 �or the true idea�察 �becomes mixed
with indistinct ideas。 ��3�� For instance�察�certain Stoics heard�察�perhaps�察�the
term ;soul�察─ �and also that the soul is immortal�察 �yet imagined it only
confusedly�察 �they imaged�察 �also�察 �and understood that very subtle bodies
penetrate all others�察 �and are penetrated by none。 ��74��4�� By combining
these ideas�察�and being at the same time certain of the truth of the axiom�察�
they forthwith became convinced that the mind consists of very subtle
bodies�察�that these very subtle bodies cannot be divided &c。
��75�А 。�1�� But we are freed from mistakes of this kind�察�so long as we
endeavor to examine all our perceptions by the standard of the given true
idea。 ��2�� We must take care�察 �as has been said�察 �to separate such
perceptions from all those which arise from hearsay or unclassified
experience。 ��3�� Moreover�察 �such mistakes arise from things being
conceived too much in the abstract�察�for it is sufficiently self´evident that
what I conceive as in its true object I cannot apply to anything else。
��75��4�� Lastly�察 �they arise from a want of understanding of the primary
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elements of nature as a whole�察�whence we proceed without due order�察�and
confound nature with abstract rules�察�which�察�although they be true enough
in their sphere�察 �yet�察 �when misapplied�察 �confound themselves�察 �and pervert
the order of nature。 ��5�� However�察�if we proceed with as little abstraction
as possible�察�and begin from primary elements ´ that is�察�from the source and
origin of nature�察 �as far back as we can reach�察 � we need not fear any
deceptions of this kind。
��76�А。�1�� As far as the knowledge of the origin of nature is concerned�察�
there is no danger of our confounding it with abstractions。 ��2�� For when
a thing is conceived in the abstract�察�as are all universal notions�察�the said
universal notions are always more extensive in the mind than the number
of individuals forming their contents really existing in nature。 ��3�� Again�察�
there are many things in nature�察�the difference between which is so slight
as to be hardly perceptible to the understanding�察 �so that it may readily
happen that such things are confounded together�察 �if they be conceived
abstractedly。 ��4�� But since the first principle of nature cannot ��as we
shall see hereafter�� be conceived abstractedly or universally�察 �and cannot
extend further in the understanding than it does in reality�察 �and has no
likeness to mutable things�察�no confusion need be feared in respect to the
idea of it�察�provided ��as before shown�� that we possess a standard of truth。
��5�� This is�察�in fact�察�a being single and infinite ��76z�А。察�in other words�察�it is
the sum total of being�察�beyond which there is no being found。 ��76a�А�
��77�А 。�1�� Thus far we have treated of the false idea。 We have now to
investigate the doubtful idea ´ that is�察�to inquire what can cause us to doubt�察�
and how doubt may be removed。 ��2�� I speak of real doubt existing in the
mind�察�not of such doubt as we see exemplified when a man says that he
doubts�察�though his mind does not really hesitate。 ��77��3�� The cure of the
latter does not fall within the province of method�察 �it belongs rather to
inquiries concerning obstinacy and its cure。
��78�А 。�1�� Real doubt is never produced in the mind by the thing
doubted of。 ��2�� In other words�察�if there were only one idea in the mind�察�
whether that idea were true or false�察�there would be no doubt or certainty
present�察�only a certain sensation。 ��3�� For an idea is in itself nothing else
than a certain sensation。 ��4�� But doubt will arise through another idea�察�not
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clear and distinct enough for us to be able to draw any certain conclusions
with regard to the matter under consideration�察 �that is�察 �the idea which
causes us to doubt is not clear and distinct。 ��5�� To take an example。 ��78��6��
Supposing that a man has never reflected�察�taught by experience or by any
other means�察 �that our senses sometimes deceive us�察 �he will never doubt
whether the sun be greater or less than it appears。 ��7�� Thus rustics are
generally astonished when they hear that the sun is much larger than the
earth。 ��8�� But from reflection on the deceitfulness of the senses ��78a�А�
doubt arises�察 �and if�察 �after doubting�察 �we acquire a true knowledge of the
senses�察 �and how things at a distance are represented through their
instrumentality�察�doubt is again removed。
��79�А 。�1�� Hence we cannot cast doubt on true ideas by the supposition
that there is a deceitful Deity�察�who leads us astray even in what is most
certain。 ��2�� We can only hold such an hypothesis so long as we have no
clear and distinct idea ´ in other words�察�until we reflect the knowledge
which we have of the first principle of all things�察 �and find that which
teaches us that God is not a deceiver�察�and until we know this with the same
certainty as we know from reflecting on the are equal to two right angles。
��3�� But if we have a knowledge of God equal to that which we have of a
triangle�察�all doubt is removed。 ��79��4�� In the same way as we can arrive at
the said knowledge of a triangle�察�though not absolutely sure that there is
not some arch´deceiver leading us astray�察 �so can we come to a like
knowledge of God under the like condition�察�and when we have attained to
it�察�it is sufficient�察�as I said before�察�to remove every doubt which we can
possess concerning clear and distinct ideas。
��80�А 。�1�� Thus�察 �if a man proceeded with our investigations in due
order�察�inquiring first into those things which should first be inquired into�察�
never passing over a link in the chain of association�察�and with knowledge
how to define his questions before seeking to answer them�察�he will never
have any ideas save such as are very certain�察�or�察�in other words�察�clear and
distinct�察 �for doubt is only a suspension of the spirit concerning some
affirmation or negation which it would pronounce upon unhesitatingly if it
were not in ignorance of something�察�without which the knowledge of the
matter in hand must needs be imperfect。 ��2�� We may�察�therefore�察�conclude
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that doubt always proceeds from want of due order in investigation。
��81�А 。�1�� These are the points I promised to discuss in the first part of
my treatise on method。 ��2�� However�察�in order not to omit anything which
can conduce to the knowledge of the understanding and its faculties�察�I will
add a few words on the subject of memory and forgetfulness。 ��81��3��
The point most worthy of attention is�察�that memory is strengthened both
with and without the aid of the understanding。 ��4�� For the more intelligible
a thing is�察�the more easily is it remembered�察�and the less intelligible it is�察�
the more easily do we forget it。 ��5�� For instance�察 �a number of
unconnected words is much more difficult to remember than the same
number in the form of a narration。
��82�А 。�1�� The memory is also strengthened without the aid of the
understanding by means of the power wherewith the imagination or the
sense called common�察�is affected by some particular physical object。 ��2��
I say particular�察�for the imagination is only affected by particular objects。
��3�� If we read�察�for instance�察�a single romantic comedy�察�we shall remember
it very well�察�so long as we do not read many others of the same kind�察�for it
will reign alone in the memory ��4�� If�察�however�察�we read several others of
the same kind�察�we shall think of them altogether�察�and easily confuse one
with another。 ��82��5�� I say also�察�physical。 ��6�� For the imagination is only
affected by physical objects。 ��7�� As�察 �then�察 �the memory is strengthened
both with and without the aid of the understanding�察�we may conclude that
it is different from the understanding�察�and that in the latter considered in
itself there is neither memory nor forgetfulness。
��83�А。�1�� What�察�then�察�is memory�拭。�2�� It is nothing else than the actual
sensation of impressions on the brain�察�accompanied with the thought of a
definite duration�察 。�83d�А �of the sensation。 ��3�� This is also shown by
reminiscence。 ��4�� For then we think of the sensation�察 �but without the
notion of continuous duration�察 �thus the idea of that sensation is not the
actual duration of the sensation or actual memory。 ��83��5�� Whether ideas
are or are not subject to corruption will be seen in philosophy。 ��6�� If this
seems too absurd to anyone�察 �it will be sufficient for our purpose�察 �if he
reflect on the fact that a thing is more easily remembered in proportion to
its singularity�察 �as appears from the example of the comedy just cited。