the writings-5-第54章

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occurs　to　the　mind；　I　also　in　the　same　connection　ask　the　attention

of　Congress　to　our　great　lakes　and　rivers。　　It　is　believed　that　some

fortifications　and　depots　of　arms　and　munitions；　with　harbor　and

navigation　improvements；　all　at　well…selected　points　upon　these；

would　be　of　great　importance　to　the　national　defense　and　preservation

I　ask　attention　to　the　views　of　the　Secretary　of　War；　expressed　in

his　report；　upon　the　same　general　subject。



I　deem　it　of　importance　that　the　loyal　regions　of　east　Tennessee　and

western　North　Carolina　should　be　connected　with　Kentucky　and　other

faithful　parts　of　the　Union　by　rail…road。　　　I　therefore　recommend；　as

a　military　measure；　that　Congress　provide　for　the　construction　of

such　rail…road　as　speedily　as　possible。　　Kentucky　will　no　doubt

co…operate；　and　through　her　Legislature　make　the　most　judicious

selection　of　a　line。　　The　northern　terminus　must　connect　with　some

existing　railroad；　and　whether　the　route　shall　be　from　Lexington　or

Nicholasville　to　the　Cumberland　Gap；　or　from　Lebanon　to　the　Tennessee

line；　in　the　direction　of　Knoxville；　or　on　some　still　different　line；

can　easily　be　determined。　　Kentucky　and　the　General　Government

co…operating；　the　work　can　be　completed　in　a　very　short　time；　and

when　done　it　will　be　not　only　of　vast　present　usefulness　but　also　a

valuable　permanent　improvement；　worth　its　cost　in　all　the　future。



Some　treaties；　designed　chiefly　for　the　interests　of　commerce；　and

having　no　grave　political　importance；　have　been　negotiated；　and　will

be　submitted　to　the　Senate　for　their　consideration。



Although　we　have　failed　to　induce　some　of　the　commercial　powers　to

adopt　a　desirable　melioration　of　the　rigor　of　maritime　war；　we　have

removed　all　obstructions　from　the　way　of　this　humane　reform　except

such　as　are　merely　of　temporary　and　accidental　occurrence。



I　invite　your　attention　to　the　correspondence　between　her　Britannic

Majesty's　minister　accredited　to　this　government　and　the　Secretary　of

State　relative　to　the　detention　of　the　British　ship　Perthshire　in

June　last　by　the　United　States　steamer　Massachusetts　for　a　supposed

breach　of　the　blockade。　　As　this　detention　was　occasioned　by　an

obvious　misapprehension　of　the　facts；　and　as　justice　requires　that　we

should　commit　no　belligerent　act　not　founded　in　strict　right　as

sanctioned　by　public　law；　I　recommend　that　an　appropriation　be　made

to　satisfy　the　reasonable　demand　of　the　owners　of　the　vessel　for　her

detention。



I　repeat　the　recommendation　of　my　predecessor　in　his　annual　message

to　Congress　in　December　last　in　regard　to　the　disposition　of　the

surplus　which　will　probably　remain　after　satisfying　the　claims　of

American　citizens　against　China；　pursuant　to　the　awards　of　the

commissioners　under　the　act　of　the　3d　of　March；　1859。　　If；　however；

it　should　not　be　deemed　advisable　to　carry　that　recommendation　into

effect；　I　would　suggest　that　authority　be　given　for　investing　the

principal；　or　the　proceeds　of　the　surplus　referred　to；　in　good

securities；　with　a　view　to　the　satisfaction　of　such　other　just　claims

of　our　citizens　against　China　as　are　not　unlikely　to　arise　hereafter

in　the　course　of　our　extensive　trade　with　that　empire。



By　the　act　of　the　5th　of　August　last　Congress　authorized　the

President　to　instruct　the　commanders　of　suitable　vessels　to　defend

themselves　against　and　to　capture　pirates。　　His　authority　has　been

exercised　in　a　single　instance　only。　　For　the　more　effectual

protection　of　our　extensive　and　valuable　commerce　in　the　Eastern　seas

especially；　it　seems　to　me　that　it　would　also　be　advisable　to

authorize　the　commanders　of　sailing　vessels　to　recapture　any　prizes

which　pirates　may　make　of　United　States　vessels　and　their　cargoes；

and　the　consular　courts　now　established　by　law　in　Eastern　countries

to　adjudicate　the　cases　in　the　event　that　this　should　not　be　objected

to　by　the　local　authorities。



If　any　good　reason　exists　why　we　should　persevere　longer　in

withholding　our　recognition　of　the　independence　and　sovereignty　of

Haiti　and　Liberia；　I　am　unable　to　discern　it。　　Unwilling；　however；　to

inaugurate　a　novel　policy　in　regard　to　them　without　the　approbation

of　Congress；　I　submit　for　your　consideration　the　expediency　of　an

appropriation　for　maintaining　a　charge　d'affaires　near　each　of　those

new　States。　　It　does　not　admit　of　doubt　that　important　commercial

advantages　might　be　secured　by　favorable　treaties　with　them。



The　operations　of　the　treasury　during　the　period　which　has　elapsed

since　your　adjournment　have　been　conducted　with　signal　success。　　The

patriotism　of　the　people　has　placed　at　the　disposal　of　the　government

the　large　means　demanded　by　the　public　exigencies。　　Much　of　the

national　loan　has　been　taken　by　citizens　of　the　industrial　classes；

whose　confidence　in　their　country's　faith　and　zeal　for　their

country's　deliverance　from　present　peril　have　induced　them　to

contribute　to　the　support　of　the　government　the　whole　of　their

limited　acquisitions。　　This　fact　imposes　peculiar　obligations　to

economy　in　disbursement　and　energy　in　action。



The　revenue　from　all　sources；　including　loans；　for　the　financial　year

ending　on　the　30th　of　June；　1861；　was　86；835；900。27；　and　the

expenditures　for　the　same　period；　including　payments　on　account　of

the　public　debt；　were　84；578；834。47；　leaving　a　balance　in　the

treasury　on　the　1st　of　July　of　2；257；065。80。　　For　the　first　quarter

of　the　financial　year　ending　on　the　3oth　of　September；　1861；　the

receipts　from　all　sources；　including　the　balance　of　the　1st　of　July；

were　102；532；509。27；　and　the　expenses　98；239733。09；　leaving　a

balance　on　the　1st　of　October；　1861；　of　4；292；776。18。



Estimates　for　the　remaining　three　quarters　of　the　year　and　for　the

financial　year　1863；　together　with　his　views　of　ways　and　means　for

meeting　the　demands　contemplated　by　them；　will　be　submitted　to

Congress　by　the　Secretary　of　the　Treasury。　　It　is　gratifying　to　know

that　the　expenditures　made　necessary　by　the　rebellion　are　not　beyond

the　resources　of　the　loyal　people；　and　to　believe　that　the　same

patriotism　which　has　thus　far　sustained　the　government　will　continue

to　sustain　it　till　peace　and　union　shall　again　bless　the　land。



I　respectfully　refer　to　the　report　of　the　Secretary　of　War　for

information　respecting　the　numerical　strength　of　the　army　and　for

recommendations　having　in　view　an　increase　of　its　efficiency　and　the

well…being　of　the　various　branches　of　the　service　intrusted　to　his

care。　　It　is　gratifying　to　know　that　the　patriotism　of　the　people　has

proved　equal　to　the　occasion；　and　that　the　number　of　troops　tendered

greatly　exceeds　the　force　which　Congress　authorized　me　to　call　into

the　field。



I　refer　with　pleasure　to　those　portions　of　his　report　which　make

allusion　to　the　creditable　degree　of　discipline　already　attained　by

our　troops　and　to　the　excellent　sanitary　condition　of　the　entire

army。



The　recommendation　of　the　Secretary　for　an　organization　of　the

militia　upon　a　uniform　basis　is　a　subject　of　vital　importance　to　the

future　safety　of　the　country；　and　is　commended　to　the　serious

attention　of　Congress。



The　large　addition　to　the　regular　army；　in　connection　with　the

defection　that　has　so　considerably　diminished　the　number　of　its

officers；　gives　peculiar　importance　to　his　recommendation　for

increasing　the　corps　of　cadets　to　the　greatest　capacity　of　the

Military　Academy。



By　mere　omission；　I　presume；　Congress　has　failed　to　provide　chaplains

for　hospitals　occupied　by　volunteers。　　This　subject　was　brought　to　my

notice；　and　I　was　induced　to　draw　up　the　form　of　a　letter；　one　copy

of　which；　properly　addressed；　has　been　delivered　to　each　of　the

persons；　and　at　the　dates　respectively　named　and　stated　in　a

schedule；　containing　also　the　form　of　the　letter；　marked　A；　and

herewith　transmitted。



These　gentlemen；　I　understand；　entered　upon　the　duties　designated　at

the　times　respectively　stated　in　the　schedule；　and　have　labored

faithfully　therein　ever　since。　　I　therefore　recommend　that　they　be

compensated　at　the　same　rate　as　chaplains　in　the　army。　　　I　further

suggest　that　general　provision　be　made　for　chaplains　to　serve　at

hospitals；　as　well　as　with　regiments。



The　report　of　the　Secretary　of　the　Navy　presents　in　detail　the

operations　of　that　branch　of　the　service；　the　activity　and　energy

which　have　characterized　its　administration；　and　the　results　of

measures　to　increase　its　efficiency　and　power　such　have　been　the

additions；　by　construction　and　purchase；　that　it　may　almost　be　said　a

navy　has　been　created　and　brought　into　service　since　our　difficulties

commenced。



Besides　blockading　our　extensive　coast；　squadrons　larger　than　ever

before　assembled　under　our　flag　have　been　put　afloat　and　performed

deeds　which　have　increased　our　naval　renown。



I　would　invite　special　attention　to　the　recommendation　of　the

Secretary　for　a　more　perfect　organization　of　the　navy　by　introducing

additional　grades　in　the　service。



The　present　organization　is　defective　and　unsatisfactory；　and　the

suggestions　submitted　by　the　department　will；　it　is　believed；　if

adopted；　obviate　the　difficulties　alluded　to；　promote　harmony；　and

increase　the　efficiency　of　the　navy。



There　are　three　vacancies　on　the　bench　of　the　Supreme　Courttwo　by

the　decease　of　Justices　Daniel　and　McLean　and　one　by　the　resignation

of　Justice　Campbell。　　I　have　so　far　forborne　making　nominations　to

fill　these　vacancies　for　reasons　which　I　will　now　state。　　Two　of　the

outgoing　judges　resided　within　the　States　now　overrun　by　revolt；　so

that　if　successors　were　appointed　in　the　same　localities　they　could

not　now　serve　upon　their　circuits；　and　many　of　the　most　competent　men

there　probably　would　not　take　the　personal　hazard　of　accepting　to

serve；　even　here；　upon　the　Supreme　bench。　　I　have　been　unwilling　to

throw　all　the　appointments　north…ward；　thus　disabling　myself　from

doing　justice　to　the　South　on　the　return　of　peace；　although　I　may

remark　that　to　transfer　to　the　North　one　which　has　heretofore　been　in

the　South　would　not；　with　reference　to　territory　and　population；　be

unjust。



During　the　long　and　brilliant　judicial　career　of　Judge　McLean　his

circuit　grew　into　an　empire…altogether　too　large　for　any　one　judge　to

give　the　courts　therein　more　than　a　nominal　attendancerising　in

population　from　1；470；018　in　1830　to　6；151；405　in　1860。



Besides　this；　the　country　generally　has　outgrown　our　present　judicial

system。　　If　uniformity　was　at　all　intended；　the　system　requires　that

all　the　States　shall　be　accommodated　with　circuit　courts；　attended　by

Supreme　judges；　while；　in　fact；　Wisconsin；　Minnesota；　Iowa；　Kansas；

Florida；　Texas；　California；　and　Oregon　have　never　had　any　such

courts。　　Nor　can　this　well　be　remedied　without　a　change　in　the

system；　because　the　adding　of　judges　to　the　Supreme　Court；　enough　for

the　accommodation　of　all　parts　of　the　country　wi