the wars of the jews-第77章
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ken and destroyed。
（5） This tribe or course of the high priests； or priests； here called Eniachim； seems to the learned Mr。 Lowth； one well versed in Josephus； to be that 1 Chronicles 24：12； 〃the course of Jakim；〃 where some copies have〃 the course of Eliakim；〃 and I think this to be by no means an improbable conjecture。
（6） This Symeon； the son of Gamaliel； is mentioned as the president of the Jewish sanhedrim； and one that perished in the destruction of Jerusalem； by the Jewish Rabbins； as Reland observes on this place。 He also tells us that those Rabbins mention one Jesus the son of Gamala； as once a high priest； but this long before the destruction of Jerusalem； so that if he were the same person with this Jesus the son of Gamala； Josephus； he must have lived to be very old； or they have been very bad chronologers。
（7） It is worth noting here； that this Ananus； the best of the Jews at this time； and the high priest； who was so very uneasy at the profanation of the Jewish courts of the temple by the zealots； did not however scruple the profanation of the 〃court of the Gentiles；〃 as in our Savior's days it was very much profaned by the Jews； and made a market…place； nay； a 〃den of thieves；〃 without scruple； Matthew 21：12； 13； Mark 11：15…17。 Accordingly Josephus himself； when he speaks of the two inner courts； calls them both hagia or holy places； but； so far as I remember； never gives that character of the court of the Gentiles。 See B。 V。 ch。 9。 sect。 2。
（8） This appellation of Jerusalem given it here by Simon； the general of the Idumeans； 〃the common city〃 of the Idumeans； who were proselytes of justice； as well as of the original native Jews； greatly confirms that maxim of the Rabbins； here set down by Reland； that 〃Jerusalem was not assigned； or appropriated； to the tribe of Benjamin or Judah； but every tribe had equal right to it ＇at their coming to worship there at the several festivals＇。〃 See a little before； ch。 3。 sect。 3； or 〃worldly worship；〃 as the author to the Hebrews calls the sanctuary； 〃a worldly sanctuary。〃
（9） Some commentators are ready to suppose that this〃 Zacharias； the son of Baruch；〃 here most unjustly slain by the Jews in the temple； was the very same person with 〃Zacharias； the son of Barachias；〃 whom our Savior says the Jews 〃slew between the temple and the altar；〃 Matthew 23：35。 This is a somewhat strange exposition； since Zechariah the prophet was really 〃the son of Barachiah；〃 and 〃grandson of Iddo； Zechariah 1：1； and how he died； we have no other account than that before us in St。 Matthew： while this 〃Zacharias〃 was 〃the son of Baruch。〃 Since the slaughter was past when our Savior spake these words； the Jews had then already slain him； whereas this slaughter of 〃Zacharias； the son of Baruch；〃 in Josephus； was then about thirty…four years future。 And since the slaughter was 〃between the temple and the altar；〃 in the court of the priests； one of the most sacred and remote parts of the whole temple； while this was； in Josephus's own words； in the middle of the temple； and much the most probably in the court of Israel only （for we have had no intimation that the zealots had at this time profaned the court of the priests。 See B。 V。 ch。 1。 sect。 2）。 Nor do I believe that our Josephus； who always insists on the peculiar sacredness of the inmost court； and of the holy house that was in it； would have omitted so material an aggravation of this barbarous murder； as perpetrated in。 a place so very holy； had that been the true place of it。 See Antiq。 B。 XI。 ch。 7。 sect。 1； and the note here on B。 V。 ch。 1。 sect。 2。
（10） This prediction； that the city （Jerusalem） should then 〃be taken； and the sanctuary burnt； by right of war； when a sedition should invade Jews； and their own hands should pollute that temple；〃 or； as it is B。 VI。 ch。 2。 sect。 1； 〃when any one should begin to slay his countrymen in the city；〃 is wanting in our present copies of the Old Testament。 See Essay on the Old Test。 p。 104112。 But this prediction； as Josephus well remarks here； though； with the other predictions of the prophets； it was now laughed at by the seditious； was by their very means soon exactly fulfilled。 However； I cannot but here take notice of Grotius's positive assertion upon Matthew 26：9； here quoted by Dr。 Hudson； that 〃it ought to be taken for granted； as a certain truth； that many predictions of the Jewish prophets were preserved； not in writing； but by memory。〃 Whereas； it seems to me so far from certain； that I think it has no evidence nor probability at all。
（11） By these hiera； or 〃holy places；〃 as distinct from cities； must be meant 〃proseuchae；〃 or 〃houses of prayer；〃 out of cities； of which we find mention made in the New Testament and other authors。 See Luke 6：12； Acts 16：13； 16； Antiq。 B。 XIV。 ch。 10。 sect。 23； his Life； sect。 51。 〃In qua te quero proseucha？〃 Juvenal Sat。 III。 yet。 296。 They were situated sometimes by the sides of rivers； Acts 16：13； or by the sea…side； Antiq。 B。 XIV。 ch。 10。 sect。 23。 So did the seventy…two interpreters go to pray every morning by the sea…side before they went to their work； B。 XII。 ch。 2。 sect。 12。
（12） Gr。 Galatia； and so everywhere。
（13） Whether this Somorrhon； or Somorrha； ought not to be here written Gomorrha； as some MSS。 in a manner have it； （for the place meant by Josephus seems to be near Segor； or Zoar； at the very south of the Dead Sea； hard by which stood Sodom and Gomorrha；） cannot now be certainly determined； but seems by no means improbable。
（14） This excellent prayer of Elisha is wanting in our copies； 2 Kings 2：21； 22； though it be referred to also in the Apostolical Constitutions； B。 VII。 ch。 37。； and the success of it is mentioned in them all。
（15） See the note on B。 V。 ch。 13。 sect。 6。
（16） Of these Roman affairs and tumults under Galba； Otho； and Vitellius； here only touched upon by Josephus； see Tacitus； Suelonius； and Dio； more largely。 However； we may observe with Ottius； that Josephus writes the name of the second of them not Otto； with many others； but Otho； with the coins。 See also the note on ch。 11。 sect。 4。
（17） Some of the ancients call this famous tree； or grove； an oak others； a turpentine tree； or grove。 It has been very famous in all the past ages； and is so； I suppose； at this day； and that particularly for an eminent mart or meeting of merchants there every year； as the travelers inform us。
（18） Puetonius differs hardly three days from Josephus； and says Otho perished on the ninety…fifth day of his reign。 In Anthon。 See the note on ch。 11。 sect。 4。
（19） This beginning and ending the observation of the Jewish seventh day； or sabbath； with a priest's blowing of a trumpet； is remarkable； and no where else mentioned； that I know of。 Nor is Reland's conjecture here improbable； that this was the very place that has puzzled our commentators so long； called 〃Musach Sabbati；〃 the 〃Covert of the Sabbath；〃 if that be the true reading； 2 Kings 16：18； because here the proper priest stood dry； under a 〃covering；〃 to proclaim the beginning and ending of every Jewish sabbath。
（20） The Roman authors that now remain say Vitellius had children； whereas Josephus introduces here the Roman soldiers in Judea saying he had none。 Which of these assertions was the truth I know not。 Spanheim thinks he hath given a peculiar reason for calling Vitellius 〃childless；〃 though he really had children； Diss。 de Num。 p。 649； 650； to which it appears very difficult to give our assent。
（21） This brother of Vespasian was Flavius Sabinus； as Suetonius informs us； in Vitell。 sect。 15； and in Vespas。 sect。 2。 He is also named by Josephus presently ch。 11。 sect； 4。
（22） It is plain by the nature of the thing； as well as by Josephus and Eutropius； that Vespasian was first of all saluted emperor in Judea； and not till some time afterward in Egypt。 Whence Tacitus's and Suetonius's present copies must be correct text； when they both say that he was first proclaimed in Egypt； and that on the calends of July； while they still say it was the fifth of the Nones or Ides of the same July before he was proclaimed in Judea。 I suppose the month they there intended was June； and not July； as the copies now have it； nor does Tacitus's coherence imply less。 See Essay on the Revelation； p。 136。
（23） Here we have an authentic description of the bounds and circumstances of Egypt； in the days of Vespasian and Titus。
（24） As Daniel was preferred by Darius and Cyrus； on account of his having foretold the destruction of the Babylonian monarchy by their means； and the consequent exaltation of the Medes and Persians； Daniel 5：6 or rather； as Jeremiah； when he was a prisoner； was set at liberty； and honorably treated by Nebuzaradan； at the command of Nebuchadnezzar； on account of his having foretold the destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians； Jeremiah 40：1…7； so was our Josephus set at liberty； and honorably treated； on account of his having foretold the advancement of Vespasian and Titus to the Roman empire。 All these are most eminent instances of the interposition of Divine Providence。 and of the certainty of Divine predictions in the great revolutions of the four monarchies。 Several such…like examples there are； both in the sacred and other histories； as in the case of Joseph in Egypt。 and of Jaddua the high priest； in the days of Alexander the Great； etc。
（25） This is well observed by Josephus； that Vespasian； in order to secure his success； and establish his government at first； distributed his offices and places upon the foot of justice； and bestowed them on such as best deserved them； and were best fit for them。 Which wise conduct in a mere heathen ought to put those rulers and ministers of state to shame； who； professing Christianity； act otherwise； and thereby expose themselves and their kingdoms to vice and destruction。
（26） The numbers in Josephus； ch。 9。 sect。 2； 9； for Galba seven months seven days； for Otho three months two days； and here for Vitellius eight months five days； do not agree with any Roman historians； who also disagree among themselves。 And； indeed； Sealiger justly complains； as Dr。 Hudson observes on ch。 9。 sect。 2； that this period is very confused and uncertain in the ancient authors。 They were probably some of them contemporary together for some time； one of the best evidences we have； I mean Ptolemy's Canon； omits them all； as if they did not all together reign one whole year； nor had a single Thoth； or new…year's day； （which then fell upon August 6；） in their entire reigns。 Dio also； who says that Vitellius reigned a year within ten days； does yet estimate all their reigns together at no more than one year； one month； and two days。
（27） There are coins of this Casian Jupiter still extant。
BOOK V。 Containing The Interval Of Near Six Months。 From The Coming Of Titus To Besiege Jerusalem； To The Great Extremity To Which The Jews Were Reduced。 CHAPTER 1。 Concerning The Seditions At Jerusalem And What Terrible Miseries Afflicted The City By Their Means。 1。 When therefore Titus had marched over that desert which lies between Egypt and Syria； in the manner forementioned； he came to Cesarea； having resolved to set his forces in order at that place； before he began the war。 Nay
