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伉尖僥嚥伏試-及75嫗

弌傍�� 伉尖僥嚥伏試 忖方�� 耽匈3500忖

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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��



in which he felt he would be better able to develop and act on his ideas。 He received his bachelor¨s 
degree from the University of Wisconsin in 1924。 After graduating from Columbia Teachers College�察�
he became director of the Rochester Child Guidance Clinic in New York and there began to 
construct the techniques that would eventually evolve into Rogerian�察�or client´centered�察�therapy。 

Rogers finally joined forces with a group of like´minded psychologists at the Western Institute for 
Behavioral Sciences in California。 This nonprofit center is involved in several projects�察�including a 
tremendously popular two´week summer course of encounter groups。 An even more ambitious 
project is designed to put physicians in closer touch with the ^human ̄ and ethical aspects of 
medical practice。 

Throughout his career�察�Rogers continued to believe that the purpose of therapy was to assist the 

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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE 

client in realizing his or her potential�察�and he conducted some of the first empirical studies of the 
process and effectiveness of psychotherapy。 He was instrumental in elevating humanistic 
psychology to its stature as a ^Third Force ̄ in psychology�察�and was elected president of the 
American Psychological Association in 1947。 

In spite of all his successes�察�Rogers continued to be criticized from many sides。 Even friends and 
colleagues described his views as overly optimistic!particularly his faith that tense situations 
such as racial confrontations can be resolved by person´centered therapy techniques。 Nevertheless�察�
Rogers�察�if anything�察�grew more optimistic。 During the last few years of his life�察�in response to the 
growing popularity of his client´centered therapy�察�he trained facilitators ��therapists�� in Germany�察�

Japan�察�and Brazil。 His notable works include Client´Centered Therapy ��1951�� and On Being a 
Person ��1961��。 

TIMELINE 

Yea Event 
r 
1900 Freud published what many believe was his greatest work�察�The Interpretation of 
Dreams。 
1913 Carl Jung broke ranks with Freud and soon became a major figure in the 
development of an alternative psychoanalytic theory�察�analytic psychology。 
19141918 
World War I was fought。 
1920 Alfred Adler published the Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology�察�outlining 
his views on the social ramifications of psychoanalysis。 
1921 Hermann Rorschach developed his famous projective test�察�posed of a series of 
symmetrical inkblots。 
1929 The Great Depression began in America。 
1937 Gordon Allport published Personality�此�A Psychological Interpretation�察�outlining his 
trait theory of personality。 
1937 Karen Horney published The Neurotic Personality of Our Time�察�describing her 
theory of personality。 
1938 Henry Murray published Explorations in Personality and developed a projective 
test called the Thematic Apperception Test ��TAT���察�a series of black´and´white 
drawings of a person or persons in ambiguous situations。 
19391945 
World War II was fought。 
1940s Carl Rogers developed his ideas on the humanistic view of personality 
development。 
1943 Starke Hathaway and J。 C。 McKinley published the first edition of the MMPI�察�
which soon became the most widely used personality test ever。 
1950 Raymond Cattell developed the 16 PF�察�which later became a widely used 
personality inventory。 

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CHAPTER 14�此�UNDERSTANDING HUMAN PERSONALITY 

1951 Carl Rogers published Client´Centered Therapy�察�explaining how his ideas could be 
applied to therapy。 
1954 Abraham Maslow published Motivation and Personality�察�explaining the 
relationship of his hierarchy of needs to both motivation and personality 
development。 
1957 Sputnik�察�the first satellite�察�was launched。 
1963 Albert Bandura�察�with R。 H。 Walters�察�published Social Learning Personality and 
Development�察�explaining the influences of social learning on personality growth。 
1973 Walter Mischel challenged the basic idea that personality traits have cross´
situational consistency�察�and proposed a cognitive´social learning theory of 
personality。 
1980 Ronald Reagan was elected President。 
1986 Albert Bandura published Social Foundations of Thought and Action�此�A Social 
Cognitive Theory�察�presenting his influential self´efficacy theory。 
1989 The University of Minnesota published the second edition of the MMPI�察�which 
was standardized on a larger�察�more heterogeneous group of people than the first 
edition。 

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READINGS 

Bandura�察�A。 ��1986��。 Social Foundations of Thought and Action�此�A Social Cognitive Theory。 Englewood 
Cliffs�察�NJ�此�Prentice´Hall。 The leading proponent for understanding personality from a social´
cognitive orientation presents his influential self´efficacy theory。 

Cantor�察�N。 & Harlow�察�R。 E。 ��1994��。 Personality�察�Strategic Behavior�察�and Daily´Life Problem Solving。 
Current Directions in Psychological Science�察�3 ��6���察�169�C172。 A look at the problem´solving efforts 
used by individuals as they work toward solving the ^life tasks ̄ in their daily lives。 

Carlson�察�J。 F。 ��1989��。 Psychosexual Pursuit。 Enhancing Learning of Theoretical Psychoanalytic Constructs。 
Teaching of Psychology�察�16�察�82�C84。 Carlson developed a game that can acmodate as many as 
50 players。 This article reproduces a game board on which players must move through the 
stages of psychosexual development and eventually bee adults。 Play money represents 
psychic energy�察�the goal is to retain as much psychic energy as possible for adult life tasks。 
Defense mechanisms and fixation are incorporated into the game rules。 

Carver�察�C。 S。�察�& Scheier�察�M。 F。 ��1992��。 Perspectives on Personality�察�2nd Ed。 Boston�此�Allyn & Bacon。 
Presents very readable and current coverage of personality psychology by two of the better´
known researchers in the area�察�includes much of their own research。 

Costa�察�P。�察�& McCrae�察�R。 ��1998��。 Trait Theories of Personality。 New York�此�Plenum Press。 The fathers of 
the Big Five personality theory make an argument for their system of personality。 

Evans�察�R。 ��1981��。 Dialogue with C。 G。 Jung。 New York�此�Praeger Special Studies/Praeger Scientific。 Dr。 
Richard Evans conducts a one´on´one interview with Carl Jung�察�exploring Jung¨s relationship 
with Freud�察�and his reactions to various psychological issues and concepts。 

Ewen�察�R。 ��1998��。 An Introduction to Theories of Personality ��5th Ed。��。 Mahwah�此�Lawrence Erlbaum 
Associates。 An excellent introduction to the field of personality。 Presents the theories of eleven 
major figures in personality psychology。 

Eysenck�察�H。 ��1998��。 Dimensions of Personality。 New Brunswick�察�Transaction Publishers。 The 

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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE 

accumulation of Eysenck¨s 50 years of research on personality。 Intended for students of 
psychology�察�psychiatry and sociology。 

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CHAPTER 14�此�UNDERSTANDING HUMAN PERSONALITY 

285 


PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE 

Freud�察�S。 ��1961��。 The Ego and the Id。 New York�此�Norton。 Original work published in 1923。 Translated 
by James Strachey。 

Freud�察�S。 ��1963��。 An Outline of Psychoanalysis。 New York�此�W。 W。 Norton。 Original work published 
1940。 Translated by James Strachey。 

Gay�察�P。 ��1988��。 Freud�此�A Life for Our Time。 New York�此�W。W。 Norton。 The definitive biography on 
Freud。 Provides rich details about his life�察�and presents his ideas in easily accessible form。 

Hall�察�C。�察�& Lindzey�察�G。 ��1978��。 Theories of Personality�察。�3rd Ed。��。 New York�此�John Wiley & Sons。 A 
classic text on personality theory。 

Hogan�察�R。 ��1986��。 What Every Student Should Know About Personality。 In V。 P。 Makosky ��Ed。���察�The G。 
Stanley Hall Lectures Vol。 6。 Washington�察�D。C。�此�American Psychological Association。 A brief�察�
entertaining summary of some of the most important research and theoretical issues in 
personality psychology。 As with Hall¨s other works�察�this is worth the read。 

Holzman�察�P。 S。 ��1994��。 Retrospective Feature Review�此�Hilgard on Psychoanalysis as Science。 Psychological 
Science�察�5�察。�4���察�190�C191。 An interesting look at Hilgard¨s perspective on Psychoanalysis�察�in 
which he criticizes Freud for failing to appropriately ^define the field of inquiry。 ̄ 

Jung�察�C。 ��1990��。 The Basic Writings of C。 G。 Jung。 Princeton�察�Princeton University Press。 Translated by 
Richard Carrington。 Presents Jung¨s most important writings on the nature of human 
personality。 

Rogers�察�C。 ��1961��。 On Being a Person�此�A Therapist¨s View of Psychotherapy。 An older work�察�but 
certainly worth the time。 It provides the foundation for understanding Rogers¨ client´centered 
therapy。 

DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY 

PROGRAM 15�此�THE SELF 

Overview 

How psychologists systematically study the origins of self´identity and self´esteem�察�social 
determinants of self´conceptions�察�and the emotional and motivational consequences of beliefs 
about oneself 

Key Issues 

The process of individualization in children�察�Freud¨s Ego�察�Id�察�and Superego�察�the theory of self´
efficacy�察�the relationship between nonverbal munication and status�察�the effects of self´
presentation on the reaction of others�察�and the effects of reward and petition on creativity。 

Demonstrations 

Status differences in nonverbal behavior on munication。 

New Interviews 

Hazel Markus looks at the relationship between the self and culture and examines the mutual 
constitution of the two。 

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CHAPTER 14�此�UNDERSTANDING HUMAN PERSONALITY 

FILMS AND VIDEOS 

First Feelings ��1992��。 RMI Media Productions�察�30 minutes 

From the Coast Telecourse�察�this program addresses the question of how much of an infant¨s 
personality can be attributed to the relationship with caregivers and how much can be explained by 
the baby¨s inborn temperament。 

Freud�此�The Hidden Nature of Man ��1970��。 IU��LCA���察�29 minutes 

Analyzes Freud¨s revolutionary theories of the power of the unconscious�察�the Oedipus plex�察�
dream analysis�察�and the ego�察�superego�察�and id。 Points out the impact of his ideas on man¨s attitude 
toward himself�察�particularly Victorian man¨s approach to sexuality。 Uses the technique of dramatic 
reenactment of his ideas�察�with actors playing Freud and his patients。 

Freud Under Analysis ��1987��。 IC��CORT���察�58 minutes 

Profiles Freud¨s life and contributions to the development of psychoanalytic theory�察�which 
established the study of the mind as a science。 Discusses his major ideas�察�including the function of 
sexual repression in the development of the personality�察�the role of the unconscious�察�the importance 
of childhood experiences to adult development�察�and the therapeutic techniques of psychoanalysis 
in controlling neurotic behaviors。 Produced for the NOVA series。 

Neurotic Behavior�此�A Psychodynamic View ��1973��。 CRM�察�19 minutes 

Illustrates several varieties of neurotic behavior and classical defense mechanisms in a vignette 
about the life of Peter�察�a college student。 A psychodynamic approach to behavior is used to analyze 
Peter¨s life as he experiences anxiety�察�then repression�察�rationalization�察�displacement�察�and finally 
phobias and obsessive´pulsive neurosis in reaction to the psychological trauma induced by his 
mother during early training。 This film illustrates the unconscious and unintentional nature of 
defense mechanisms。 

Personality ��1971

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