second treatise of government-第11章

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ousness　of　the　fact；　in　his　opinion；　requires　it。　　　But　because　no　political　society　can　be；　nor　subsist；　without　　having　in　itself　the　power　to　preserve　the　property；　and　in　order　　thereunto；　punish　the　offences　of　all　those　of　that　society；　　there；　and　there　only　is　political　society；　where　every　one　of　　the　members　hath　quitted　this　natural　power；　resigned　it　up　into　　the　hands　of　the　community　in　all　cases　that　exclude　him　not　from　　appealing　for　protection　to　the　law　established　by　it。　　And　thus　　all　private　judgment　of　every　particular　member　being　excluded；　　the　community　comes　to　be　umpire；　by　settled　standing　rules；　　indifferent；　and　the　same　to　all　parties；　and　by　men　having　　authority　from　the　community；　for　the　execution　of　those　rules；　　decides　all　the　differences　that　may　happen　between　any　members　　of　that　society　concerning　any　matter　of　right；　and　punishes　　those　offences　which　any　member　hath　committed　against　the　　society；　with　such　penalties　as　the　law　has　established：　whereby　　it　is　easy　to　discern；　who　are；　and　who　are　not；　in　political　　society　together。　　Those　who　are　united　into　one　body；　and　have　a　　common　established　law　and　judicature　to　appeal　to；　with　　authority　to　decide　controversies　between　them；　and　punish　　offenders；　are　in　civil　society　one　with　another：　but　those　who　

have　no　such　common　appeal；　I　mean　on　earth；　are　still　in　the　　state　of　nature；　each　being；　where　there　is　no　other；　judge　for　　himself；　and　executioner；　which　is；　as　I　have　before　shewed　it；　　the　perfect　state　of　nature。　　　　　　　　Sec。　88。　　And　thus　the　common…wealth　comes　by　a　power　to　set　　down　what　punishment　shall　belong　to　the　several　transgressions　　which　they　think　worthy　of　it；　committed　amongst　the　members　of　　that　society；　（which　is　the　power　of　making　laws）　as　well　as　it　　has　the　power　to　punish　any　injury　done　unto　any　of　its　members；　　by　any　one　that　is　not　of　it；　（which　is　the　power　of　war　and　　peace；）　and　all　this　for　the　preservation　of　the　property　of　all　　the　members　of　that　society；　as　far　as　is　possible。　　But　though　　every　man　who　has　entered　into　civil　society；　and　is　become　a　　member　of　any　commonwealth；　has　thereby　quitted　his　power　to　　punish　offences；　against　the　law　of　nature；　in　prosecution　of　his　　own　private　judgment；　yet　with　the　judgment　of　offences；　which　he　　has　given　up　to　the　legislative　in　all　cases；　where　he　can　appeal　　to　the　magistrate；　he　has　given　a　right　to　the　common…wealth　to　　employ　his　force；　for　the　execution　of　the　judgments　of　the　　common…wealth；　whenever　he　shall　be　called　to　it；　which　indeed　　are　his　own　judgments；　they　being　made　by　himself；　or　his　　representative。　　And　herein　we　have　the　original　of　the　　legislative　and　executive　power　of　civil　society；　which　is　to　　judge　by　standing　laws；　how　far　offences　are　to　be　punished；　when　　committed　within　the　common…wealth；　and　also　to　determine；　by　　occasional　judgments　founded　on　the　present　circumstances　of　the　　fact；　how　far　injuries　from　without　are　to　be　vindicated；　and　in　　both　these　to　employ　all　the　force　of　all　the　members；　when　there　　shall　be　need。　　　　　　　　Sec。　89。　　Where…ever　therefore　any　number　of　men　are　so　　united　into　one　society；　as　to　quit　every　one　his　executive　power　　of　the　law　of　nature；　and　to　resign　it　to　the　public；　there　and　　there　only　is　a　political；　or　civil　society。　　And　this　is　done；　　where…ever　any　number　of　men；　in　the　state　of　nature；　enter　into　　society　to　make　one　people；　one　body　politic；　under　one　supreme　　government；　or　else　when　any　one　joins　himself　to；　and　　incorporates　with　any　government　already　made：　for　hereby　he　　authorizes　the　society；　or　which　is　all　one；　the　legislative　　thereof；　to　make　laws　for　him；　as　the　public　good　of　the　society　　shall　require；　to　the　execution　whereof；　his　own　assistance　（as　　to　his　own　decrees）　is　due。　　And　this　puts　men　out　of　a　state　of　　nature　into　that　of　a　common…wealth；　by　setting　up　a　judge　on　　earth；　with　authority　to　determine　all　the　controversies；　and　　redress　the　injuries　that　may　happen　to　any　member　of　the　　commonwealth；　which　judge　is　the　legislative；　or　magistrates　　appointed　by　it。　　And　where…ever　there　are　any　number　　of　　men；　　　however　associated；　that　have　no　such　decisive　power　to　appeal　　to；　there　they　are　still　in　the　state　of　nature。　　　　　　　　Sec。　90。　　Hence　it　is　evident；　that　absolute　monarchy；　which　　by　some　men　is　counted　the　only　government　in　the　world；　is　　indeed　inconsistent　with　civil　society；　and　so　can　be　no　form　of　　civil…government　at　all：　for　the　end　of　civil　society；　being　to　　avoid；　and　remedy　those　inconveniencies　of　the　state　of　nature；　　which　necessarily　follow　from　every　man's　being　judge　in　his　own　　case；　by　setting　up　a　known　authority；　to　which　every　one　of　that　　society　may　appeal　upon　any　injury　received；　or　controversy　that　　may　arise；　and　which　every　one　of　the*　society　ought　to　obey；　　where…ever　any　persons　are；　who　have　not　such　an　authority　to　　appeal　to；　for　the　decision　of　any　difference　between　them；　there　　those　persons　are　still　in　the　state　of　nature；　and　so　is　every　　absolute　prince；　in　respect　of　those　who　are　under　his　dominion。　　　　　　　　（*The　public　power　of　all　society　is　above　every　soul　　contained　in　the　same　society；　and　the　principal　use　of　that　　power　is；　to　give　laws　unto　all　that　are　under　it；　which　laws　in　　such　cases　we　must　obey；　unless　there　be　reason　shewed　which　may　　necessarily　inforce；　that　the　law　of　reason；　or　of　God；　doth　

enjoin　the　contrary；　Hook。　Eccl。　Pol。　l。　i。　sect。　16。）　　　　　　　　Sec。　91。　　For　he　being　supposed　to　have　all；　both　　legislative　and　executive　power　in　himself　alone；　there　is　no　　judge　to　be　found；　no　appeal　lies　open　to　any　one；　who　may　　fairly；　and　indifferently；　and　with　authority　decide；　and　from　　whose　decision　relief　and　redress　may　be　expected　of　any　injury　　or　inconviency；　that　may　be　suffered　from　the　prince；　or　by　his　　order：　so　that　such　a　man；　however　intitled；　Czar；　or　Grand　　Seignior；　or　how　you　please；　is　as　much　in　the　state　of　nature；　　with　all　under　his　dominion；　as　he　is　with　therest　of　mankind：　　for　where…ever　any　two　men　are；　who　have　no　standing　rule；　and　　common　judge　to　appeal　to　on　earth；　for　the　determination　of　　controversies　of　right　betwixt　them；　there　they　are　still　in　the　　state　of*　nature；　and　under　all　the　inconveniencies　of　it；　with　　only　this　woful　difference　to　the　subject；　or　rather　slave　of　an　　absolute　prince：　that　whereas；　in　the　ordinary　state　of　nature；　　he　has　a　liberty　to　judge　of　his　right；　and　according　to　the　best　　of　his　power；　to　maintain　it；　now；　whenever　his　property　is　　invaded　by　the　will　and　order　of　his　monarch；　he　has　not　only　no　　appeal；　as　those　in　society　ought　to　have；　but　as　if　he　were　　degraded　from　the　common　state　of　rational　creatures；　is　denied　a　　liberty　to　judge　of；　or　to　defend　his　right；　and　so　is　exposed　to　　all　the　misery　and　inconveniencies；　that　a　man　can　fear　from　one；　　who　being　in　the　unrestrained　state　of　nature；　is　yet　corrupted　　with　flattery；　and　armed　with　power。　　　　　　　　（*To　take　away　all　such　mutual　grievances；　injuries　and　　wrongs；　i。e。　such　as　attend　men　in　the　state　of　nature；　there　was　　no　way　but　only　by　growing　into　composition　and　agreement　amongst　　themselves；　by　ordaining　some　kind　of　govemment　public；　and　by　　yielding　themselves　subject　thereunto；　that　unto　whom　they　　granted　authority　to　rule　and　govem；　by　them　the　peace；　　tranquillity　and　happy　estate　of　the　rest　might　be　procured。　　Men　　always　knew　that　where　force　and　injury　was　offered；　they　might　　be　defenders　of　themselves；　they　knew　that　however　men　may　seek　　their　own　commodity；　yet　if　this　were　done　with　injury　unto　　others；　it　was　not　to　be　suffered；　but　by　all　men；　and　all　good　　means　to　be　withstood。　　Finally；　they　knew　that　no　man　might　in　　reason　take　upon　him　to　determine　his　own　right；　and　according　to　　his　own　determination　proceed　in　maintenance　thereof；　in　as　much　　as　every　man　is　towards　himself；　and　them　whom　he　greatly　　affects；　partial；　and　therefore　that　strifes　and　troubles　would　　be　endless；　except　they　gave　their　common　consent；　all　to　be　　ordered　by　some；　whom　they　should　agree　upon；　without　which　　consent　there　would　be　no　reason　that　one　man　should　take　upon　　him　to　be　lord　or　judge　over　another；　Hooker's　Eccl。　Pol。　l。　i。　　sect。　10。）　　　　　　　　Sec。　92。　　For　he　that　thinks　absolute　power　purifies　men's　　blood；　and　corrects　the　baseness　of　human　nature；　need　read　but　　the　history　of　this；　or　any　other　age；　to　be　convinced　of　the　　contrary。　　He　that　would　have　been　insolent　and　injurious　in　the　　woods　of　America；　would　not　probably　be　much　better　in　a　throne；　　where　perhaps　learning　and　religion　shall　be　found　out　to　justify　　all　that　he　shall　do　to　his　subjects；　and　the　sword　presently　　silence　all　those　that　dare　question　it：　for　what　the　protection　　of　absolute　monarchy　is；　what　kind　of　fathers　of　their　countries　　it　makes　princes　to　be　and　to　what　a　degree　of　happiness　and　　security　it　carries　civil　society；　where　this　sort　of　government　　is　grown　to　perfection；　he　that　will　look　into　the　late　relation　　of　Ceylon；　may　easily　see。　　　　　　　　Sec。　93。　　In　absolute　monarchies　indeed；　as　well　as　other　　governments　of　the　world；　the　subjects　have　an　appeal　to　the　law；　　and　judges　to　decide　any　controversies；　and　restrain　any　violence　　that　may　happen　betwixt　the　subjects　themselves；　one　amongst　　another。　　This　every　one　thinks　necessary；　and　believes　he　　deserves　to　be　thought　a　declared　enemy　to　society　and　mankind；　　who　should　go　about　to　take　it　away。　　But　whether　this　be　from　a　

true　love　of　mankind　and　society；　and　such　a　charity　as　we　owe　　all　one　to　another；　there　is　reason　to　doubt：　for　this　is　no　more　　than　what　every　man；　who　loves　his　own　power；　profit；　or　　greatness；　may　and　naturally　must　do；　keep　those　animals　from　　hurting；　or　destroying　one　another；　who　labour　and　drudge　only　　for　his　pleasure　and　advantage；　and　so　are　taken　care　of；　not　out　　of　any　love　the　master　has　for　them；　but　love　of　himself；　and　the　　profit　they　bring　him：　for　if　it　be　asked；　what　security；　what　　fence　is　there；　in　such　a　state；　against　the　violence　and　　oppression　of　this　absolute　ruler？　the　very　question　can　scarce　　be　borne。　　They　are　ready　to　tell　you；　that　it　deserves　death　　only　to　ask　after　safety。　　Betwixt　subject　and　subject；　they　will　　grant；　there　must　be　measures；　laws　and　judges；　for　their　mutual　　peace　and　security：　but　as　for　the　ruler；　he　ought　to　be　　absolute；　and　is　above　all　such　circumstances；　because　he　has　　power　to　do　more　hurt　and　wrong；　it　is　right　when　he　does　it。　　To　　ask　how　you　may　be　guarded　from　harm；　or　injury；　on　that　side　　where　the　strongest　hand　is　to　do　it；　is　presently　the　voice　of　　faction　and　rebellion：　as　if　when　men　quitting　the　state　of　　nature　entered　into　society；　they　agreed　that　all　of　them　but　　one；　should　be　under　the　restraint　of　laws；　but　that　he　should　　still　retain　all　the　liberty　of　the　state　of　nature；　increased　　with　power；　and　made　licentious　by　impunity。　　This　is　to　think；　　that　men　are　so　foolish；　that　they　take　care　to　avoid　what　　mischiefs　may　be　done　them　by　pole…cats；　or　foxes；　but　are　　content；　nay；　think　it　safety；　to　be　devoured　by　lions。　　　　　　　　Sec。　94。　　But　whatever　flatterers　may　talk　to　amuse　people's　　understandings；　it　hinders　not　men　from　feeling；　and　wh